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. 2023 Oct 7;9(10):e20800. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20800

Table 4.

Substitution of variable measurement.

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
PDF 0.014** (2.114)
DF 0.397** (2.559) 0.114* (1.662)
Controls Yes Yes Yes
Constant 0.177*** (8.401) 7.084*** (16.799) 2.296*** (12.284)
Firm FE Yes Yes Yes
Year FE Yes Yes Yes
N 7964 7964 7964
R2 0.261 0.054 0.067

Note: t values in parentheses, *indicates p < 0.10, **indicates p < 0.05, ***indicates p < 0.01.