Table 2.
Summary of model design data
| Author (Year) | Anatomical human region | Precise anatomical part | Initial model | Modality of acquisition | Type of software | Type of printer | Type of material (number) | Printing scale | Colors (number) | Cost of printing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ben Awadh et al. (2022) [23] | Thorax | Heart | Patient and database | CT | 3D Slicer, Blender, ideaMaker | FDM | NS | NS | N | NS |
| Cercenelli et al. (2022) [84] | Head | Dry skull, orbit | Cadaver | CT | D2P, Meshmixer | SLA | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Chandrasekaran et al. (2022) [24] | Neck and thorax | Heart and neck | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | N | NS | |
| Hammerton et al. (2022) [25] | Thorax | Heart | Public database | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | N | NS |
| Harmon et al. (2022) [26] | Upper and lower-limbs, pelvis, thorax | Bones | Public database | CT | In Vesalius, Meshmixer, Blender, Cura, 3D Slicer | FDM | NS | NS | NS | 1.88 USD per model |
| Mogali et al. (2022) [27] | Thorax and neck | Full hearts, cross-section of the heart, coronary trees | Cadaver (plastinated human prosections) | CT | 3D slicer, Materialise Magics | MJ | Photopolymers and translucent elastomers resins (Vero Yellow), Tango Plus and VeroMagenta | 1 and 0.95 | Y | 6, 310, 319, 715 and 1,960 USD per model |
| Saleh et al. (2022) | Head | Temporal bone | Anonymized DICOM data | CT | Blender, MeshMixer, GrabCAD | MJ | Vero and Tango rigid and elastic polymers | 1.4 | Y | 1300 GBP |
| Tan et al. (2022) [28] | Head, upper-limb | Skull, brain, face, hand muscles, blood vessels, nerves and deep structures | Database from frozen cadaver | optical | Maya | MJ | Hard and flexible | 1 | Y | NS |
| Bertolini et al. (2021) [29] | Thorax | Heart | Patient | CT | Mimics, 3-Matic (Materialise), Preform 3.3 (Formlabs), ScanStudio 2.0, CloudCompare (GPL) | SLA | Rigid and elastic resin | NS | N | NS |
| Krishnasamy et al. (2021) [30] | Thorax | Heart | Patient | CT | BioModroid | MJ and BJ | Rigid polymer, plastic and wax | 1 | N | NS |
| Mahrous et al. (2021) [31] | Head | Teeth | NS | NS | SLA | NS | 1 | N | NS | |
| O’Brien et al. (2021) [32] | Thorax | Tracheobronchial tree | Patient | CT | 3-Matic Medical | MJ | Vero clear | NS | N | NS |
| Ruiz and Dhaher (2021) [33] | Lower-limb | Knee joint | Previous study.stl file | NS | GrabCAD Print, Materialise 3-Matic (Materialise), SolidWorks, (Dassault), Rhinoceros 3D (Robert McNeel & Associates) | MJ | Agilus30, Tango and Digital ABS | NS | Y | NS |
| Smillie et al. (2021) [34] | Abdomen | Hepatobiliary system with stomach and duodenum | Database | Contrast enhanced CT | Simpleware ScanIP, Meshmixer, Blender, GrabCAD | MJ | VeroMagenta, VeroYellow, VeroCyan | NS | Y | 1.343 GBP for raw plastic |
| Vatankhah et al. (2021) [35] | Head | Orbit | Patient | CT | NS | NS | NS | N | NS | |
| Weatherall et al. (2021) [36] | Thorax | Airway with bone pieces | 21-month-old patient and adult woman archived | CT | Avizo Lite, Geomagic studio 2014, Rhinoceros | BJ, MJ and SLA | White Version 3 resin, Flexible version 2 resin, VeroPure White, Tango Plus, Tango Black Polymers photopolymers, silicone elements | NS | Y | NS |
| Abdulcadir et al. (2020) [37] | Pelvis | Female pelvis with bone pieces | Patient | CT and MRI | Vitrea Vital Version 6.7.6 Canon, Kerne b40d, 3D Organ Segmentation (Vitrea), PrusaSlicer Version 2.0 (Slic3r), Blender | FDM | PLA | 1 and 0.5 | Y | NS |
| Chae et al. (2020) [38] | Head | Temporal bone | Cadaver | 3D scan and micro-CT | Meshlab, iNtellect Cranial Navigation system, blender, 3D printer | SLA | resin | 1 | N | 25 000 USD (optic scan), 200 USD (micro-CT), 3350 USD (SLA printer), 7 USD per model (resin) |
| Chedid et al. (2020) [39] | Abdomen | Liver segments | NS | CT | NS | NS | NS | Y | NS | |
| Chen et al. (2020) [40] | Abdomen | Gastro-colic trunk | Patients | CT angiography | Advantage Workstation GE Medical System, Geomagic studio 2014 modelling software | NS | Thermoplastic urethane and resin | 1 | Y | NS |
| Damon et al. (2020) [41] | Vertebral column | Lumbosacral vertebrae | Database | NS | 3D Slicer | FDM | ABS | NS | N | NS |
| Hojo et al. (2020) [42] | Pelvis | Pelvic lymph nodes with bone pieces | Patient | CT | Meshmixer version 3.5 | FDM | PLA | NS | Y | 15 USD |
| Javan et al. (2020) [43] | Head | Pterygopalatine fossa | Database | CT | Materialize InPrint, Autodesk 3D Studio Max 2018, Adobe Flash, iMaterialise.com | NS | PA and disk magnet | NS | AP | 200 USD |
| Low et al. (2020) [44] | Head | Frontal sinus | Database | CT | Mimics, 3-matic (Materialise) | BJ | Gypsum powder | NS | Y | 75.75 USD |
| Radzi et al. (2020) [45] | Thorax | Heart | Plastinated heart | CT | 3D slicer, Materialise magics', Objet studio' | MJ | NS | 1 | Y | 411 and 1639.7 Singapour dollar |
| Tanner et al. (2020) [46] | Head | Pterygopalatine fossa | Database | NS | FDM | PLA | NS | AP | NS | |
| Tripodi et al. (2020) [47] | Upper-limb | Bones pieces | NS | NS | FlashPrint MeshMixer | FDM | PLA | 0.25 | N | 635 USD (printer), 1.25 USD per model (filament) |
| Williams et al. (2020) [48] | Abdomen | Retroperitoneum with bone pieces | Patient | CT and MRI | Simpleware ScanIP, Meshmixer, Blender, GrabCAD | MJ | VeroMagenta, VeroYellow, VeroWhite | 1 | Y | 2223.02£ |
| Backhouse et al. (2019) [49] | Head | Orbit with bone pieces | Cadaver bone piece | 3D scan | DAVID Laserscanner Pro Edition v4 | NS | ABS | 0.85 | AP | 2 USD per model, 5000 to 8000 USD (printer) |
| Bartikian et al. (2019) [50] | Head | Bone pieces | Cadaver bone piece | CT | 3D Slicer, Craft-ware, Z-suite | FDM | PLA and ABS | NS | N | NS |
| Cai et al. (2019) [51] | Lower-limb | Knee joint | Patient | CT | InVesalius, Artec Studio, Rhino | SLS | PA EOS | 1 | N | 90 USD per set |
| Hojo et al. (2019) [52] | Pelvis | Lateral pelvic lymph nodes with bone pieces | Patient | CT | Osirix MD Viewer, MeshMixer | FDM | NS | 1 | Y | NS |
| Kanagasuntheram et al. (2019) [53] | Upper-limb | Midcarpal joint | Patient | CT | Leios2 (Evatronix SA), Rhinoceros version 5 | SLS | PA EOS and stainless steel with bronze | 1 | Y | 150 USD per model (material) |
| Low et al. (2019) | Head | Frontal sinus | Patient | CT | Mimics (Materialise) | BJ | NS | NS | Y | NS |
| Shen et al. (2019) [54] | Head | Skull | Patient | CT | Mimics 17.0, Geomagic Studio (13.0), Autodesk Mudbox, MeshMixer | FDM | PLA | NS | AP | 14 USD per model (material) and 500 USD (printer) |
| Skrzat et al. (2019) [55] | Head | Temporal bone | Cadaver bone piece | CT | In Vesalius, MeshLab | FDM | PLA and polyvinyl alcohol filament | 1 | N | NS |
| NSgidos Lozano et al (2019) | Head, thorax, small bones | Skull, small bones, vertebrae, thorax | NS | Laser scan | Geomagic | FDM | PLA | NS | N | NS |
| Yi et al. (2019) [57] | Head | Ventricular system with bone pieces | Patient | CT | PolyJet Studio 3DP | MJ | PLA and photocurable resin | NS | N | 30 USD (material), “very expensive” printer |
| Young et al. (2019) [85] | Human gestational specimens | Week 4 to week 21 | Fixed human embryonic and fetal specimens | CT | Mimics, version 17 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) 3D Coat, version 4.7.06 (Pilgway, Kiev, Ukraine), Stratasys 3D printing software PolyJet Studio, | BJ | gypsum-like plaster and binders, TangoPlus, VeroMagenta, yellow and cyan | 1 | Y | 30 AUD USD (week 9 print) to 215 AUD USD (week 21 print) |
| Zhang et al. (2019) [58] | Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, reproductive organ, lower-limb | Uterus, vagina, bladder, urethra, skin, cerebellum, brain stem, bone pieces, eyeball, optic nerve, liver, kidney, lung, penis | Database | Camera and microscope | Amira | FDM and SLA | PLA and photosensitive resin | NS | AP | NS |
| Bannon et al. (2018) [59] | Head | Pterygopalatine fossa | Database | NS | 3D slicer, Meshmixer, Blender (open source), Slic3r Prusa Edition (G-code conversion) | FDM | PLA | 1 and 2 | AP | 0.13£ (Scotland) |
| Casciato et al. (2018) [60] | Lower-limb | Right leg | Cadaver | NS | Microsoft PowerPoint, Selva3D, CURA | FDM | PLA | NS | N | 304 USD (full cost) including 2.13 USD (filament) and printer |
| Garas et al. (2018) [61] | Trunk | Heart, shoulder, tight | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | Y | NS |
| Mogali et al. (2018) [62] | Upper-limb | Left upper-limb | Cadaver (plastinated) | CT | 3D Doctor (Able Software) | MJ | soft elastomers and rigid plastic | NS | Y | 390 USD |
| Smith et al. (2018) [64] | Thorax, musculo-skeletal | Respiratory system, musculo-skeletal system | Cadaver | CT | Materialize Mimics v15.0, MakerWare | FDM | ABS | From 0.4 to 1 | N | NS |
| Smith et al. (2018) [63] | Head and neck | Posterior triangle of the neck, laryngeal model, intrinsic muscles of the larynx and vocal folds, bone pieces | Database | NS | MeshMixer, CURA LulzBot | FDM | PLA and FilaFlex | NS | Y | 4077 USD (printer); 26 USD (FilaFlex), 40 USD (PLA). 144 to 387 USD per model |
| Suzuki et al. (2018) [65] | Head | Temporal bone, vestibulocochlear organ | Cadaver | CT | Synapse Vincent (Fujifilm) | MJ | Ultraviolet transparent curing resin | 0.66 | AP | NS |
| Ugidos Lozano et al. (2018) | Head and arm | Bone pieces | Cadaveric bone | CT and laser scan | 3D slicer, Artec studio 3D, Geomagic Design X 3D, CURA | FDM | PLA | 1 | N | NS |
| Wu et al. (2018) [66] | Spine, pelvis, upper and lower-limbs | Bone pieces | Patient | CT | Mimics 16.0 | NS | NS | NS | NS | 6 to 10.50 USD (spine and limbs) to 90 USD (pelvis) |
| Zhang et al. (2018) [67] | Head | Sinus-skull base | Patient | CT | Mimics, Cura version 15.02 | FDM | PLA | 1 | N | 3 USD |
| Bücking et al. (2017) [68] | Thorax and abdomen | Ribs, lung, liver | Database | NS | Mimics, Simpleware, Freesurfer, Seg3D, 3D Slicer, MeshMixer, Cura, InVesalius, ITK Snap, Osirix Lite, Horos, ImageJ | FDM | PLA | NS | N | 16£ (lung), 25£ (ribs), 10£ (liver) |
| Chen S. et al. (2017) [69] | Head | Skull | Cadaveric bone | CT | Mimics, Geomagic, 3ds Max, MeshMixer | FDM | PLA | NS | AP | 500 USD (printer) and 14 USD (material) |
| Favier et al. (2017) [70] | Head | Bone pieces | Cadavers | CT and micro-CT | Medical Image Segmentation Tool, Meshlab | MJ and BJ and SLS and FDM | Multicolor plaster, resin, PA, polycarbonate, composite powder | 1 | N | 155 USD (computer), 275 USD (Multicolor), 880 USD (resin), 298 USD (PA) |
| Javan et al. (2017) [71] | Head | Cranial nerve, brainstem, skull | Patient | NS | Materialise Mimics, Adobe Photoshop, Osirix Lite, Autodesk 3D Studio Max | NS | PA | 1.2 | N | 120 USD |
| Kavanagh et al. (2017) | Neck and thorax | Larynx and trachea | NS | CT | SolidWorks (Dassault Systèmes) | FDM | PLA, ABS, HIPS | NS | N | 1.75 USD to 4.66 USD per model |
| Legocki et al. (2017) [72] | Head | Skull, mandible and maxilla | Patient | CT | Osirix, MeshLab | FDM | PLA and thermoplastic | 1 | N | 1000 USD including 90.85 to 91.65 USD per model and 2 × 22.5 USD per hour and excluding 3598 USD for printer and software |
| Lozano et al. (2017) [73] | Head | Skull | Cadaver | 3D scan | Geomagic design 3D, Repetier-Host, CURA (Ultimaker trading house) | FDM | PLA | 1 | N | “Low cost” |
| Fasel et al. (2016) [74] | Head, neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis | Isthmus of the thyroid, diaphragm and aorta | Cadaver | CT | Osirix, Mimics 14.12 | BJ | NS | 1 | N | NS |
| Javan et al. (2016) [75] | Head, thorax, abdomen and pelvis | Liver, lung, prostate, coronary arteries, circle of Willis | Database | MRI | Autodesk 3D Studio Max, Osirix lite, Slicer | NS | PA | NS | AP | 40 to 100 USD per model |
| Kong et al. (2016) [76] | Abdomen | Liver | Cadaver | CT | Mimics, Geomagic, Zedit 3.21 (3D system) | Ink-jet 3DP | composite powder, curing agent, transparent jelly wax | NS | Y | 600 USD per model |
| Kong et al. (2016) [77] | Abdomen | Liver | Patient | CT | 3DV system, Zedit 3.21 | Ink-jet 3DP | composite powder, curing agent | NS | Y | NS |
| Lim et al. (2016) [16] | Thorax | Heart | Cadaver (prosection) | CT | Avizo Lite, 3D coat version | BJ | NS | 1 | Y | NS |
| O’Reilly et al. (2016) [78] | Lower-limb | Bone, tendon, muscles | Database | NS | MeshLab, version 1.3.3, Tinkercad (Autodesk Inc., San Francisco, CA), Z EditTM Pro, (3D Systems Corp., Rock Hill, SC) | BJ | Composite powder and silicone | 0.5 and 0.33 | Y | NS |
| Shah et al. (2016) [79] | Head | Sphenoid sinus | Patient | MRI and CT | NC (3-D printing system) | NS | Thermoplastic | NS | N | NS |
| Adams et al. (2015) | Head | Orbit with bone pieces | Cadaver | Laser scan | Artec studio Version9.0, 3D Coat (PILGWAY, Ukraine), Geomagic (3D systems, USA) | BJ | Composite powder and powdered plastic | 1 | Y | NS |
| Cohen et al. (2015) [81] | Head | Temporal bone | Patient | CT | ITK-SNAP | FDM | ABS | NS | Y | 27.61 to 42.02 USD |
| Hochman et al. (2015) [82] | Head | Temporal bone | Cadaver | Micro-CT | Mimics 14.0, Geomagic | NS | remnant material, binding agent | NS | Y | NS |
| McMenamin et al. (2014) [83] | Upper-limb | Wrist and hand | Cadaver (prosection) | CT | Avizo Lite, 3D coat version | BJ | NS | 1 | Y | 65 000 USD (printer), 8000 USD (software), 400 USD per hour (CT), 5000 USD (computer), 0.55 USD per cc (consumables) and 40,000 USD (technical staff) |
Abbreviations: AP A posteriori, BJ Binder jetting, ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, CT Computed tomography, FDM Fused deposition modelling, GBP Great Britain Pound, HIPS High impact polystyrene, micro-CT Micro-computed tomography, MJ Material jetting, MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging, N No, NS Not specified, PA Polyamide, PLA Polylactic acid, SLA Stereolithography, USD United States dollars, Y Yes