Table 4.
Summary of how the pedagogical performance of 3D models was evaluated
| Author (Year) | Knowledge assessment | Knowledge assessment method | Number of student / Number of comparison groups | Randomization | Type of education/student | Satisfaction evaluation | Satisfaction assessment method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ben Awadh et al. (2022) [23] | Y | Pre and posttest (cross-section images labelling questionnaire and mental rotation test) | 319 / 2 | N | 1st year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Cercenelli et al. (2022) [84] | Y | MCQ and practical task | 62/2 | Y | second-year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Chandrasekaran et al. (2022) [24] | N | NS | 96/2 | Y | 1st year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Hammerton et al. (2022) [25] | N | NS | 84 / x | N | 1st year medical students | Y | Likert (semi-structured interview) |
| Harmon D.J. et al. (2022) [26] | N | NS | 80 / x | N | 2nd year doctors, 1st year medical and dental students | Y | Qualitative |
| Mogali et al. (2022) [27] | Y | Qualtrics software pre-test (MCQ) | 63 / 2 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| Mahrous et al. (2021) [31] | N | NS | 70 / x | N | Dental students | Y | Survey |
| O’Brien et al. (2021) [32] | Y | MCQ (structure identification on cross-sectional images) immediate and delayed test | 31 / 2 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| Vatankhah et al. (2021) [35] | Y | Pre and post-test MCQ | 13 / 2 | Y | 1st and 2nd year residents | N | |
| Chedid et al. (2020) [39] | Y | Test questions | 116 / 2 | Y | Gastro-enterology, radiology and general surgery departments | N | |
| Chen et al. (2020) [40] | Y | Pre and post-test | 47 / 2 | Y | Residents | Y | Questionnaire |
| Radzi et al. (2020) [45] | N | NS | 58 / x | N | 1st year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Tanner et al. (2020) [46] | Y | Quiz with pre and post test | 123 / 2 | Y | Junior and sophomores in medical education, premedecine undergraduate, graduate students of Master of Biomedical Science and 1st year medical students, dental and physicians’ students | Y | NS |
| Tripodi et al. (2020) [47] | N | NS | 111 / x | N | 1st year osteopathy students | Y | Likert and long answer survey |
| Backhouse et al. (2019) [49] | N | NS | 81 / x | N | 1st year students in ocular anatomy unit bachelor or vision sciences and master of optometry | Y | Likert |
| Cai et al. (2019) [51] | Y | MCQ | 35 / 2 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| Hojo et al. (2019) [52] | Y | Short and long tests | 102 / 2 | Y | Medical students, residents and one colorectal surgeon | Y | Likert |
| Low et al. (2019) | Y | Pre and post-tests | 41 / 2 | Y | Residents (radiology and ENT) | N | |
| Ugidos Lozano et al. (2019) [56] | N | NS | 280 / x | N | Physiotherapy, medicine, nursing, occupational therapy and dentistry students of Health Sciences | Y | Likert |
| Yi et al. (2019) [57] | Y | Pre and post-tests (theorical and practical questions) | 60 / 3 | Y | 2nd year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Zhang et al. (2019) [58] | Y | Reports | 30 / 10 | Y | 5 year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Garas et al. (2018) [61] | Y | 9 questions test (identify pinned structures) | 23 / 2 | N | 1st year health sciences and 3rd year Human Biology Preclinical students | Y | Likert |
| Mogali Et al. (2018) | N | NS | 15 / x | N | 2nd year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Smith et al. (2018) [63] | Y | Test questions | 127 / 2 | Y | 1st year medical students | Y | Key themes from focus group |
| Wu et al. (2018) [66] | Y | Questions | 90 / 2 | Y | Medical students completed anatomy courses | Y | Likert |
| Chen et al. (2017) [69] | Y | MCQ and labelled structures to be recognized | 79 / 3 | Y | 3rd year medical students | Y | Likert |
| Fasel et al. (2016) [74] | N | NS | 12 / x | N | Undergraduate medical students | Y | Scale 1 to 6 |
| Kong et al. (2016) [77] | Y | Quiz | 92 / 4 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| Kong et al. (2016) [77] | Y | Quiz | 61 / 3 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| Lim et al. (2016) [16] | Y | MCQ and labelled structures to be recognized pre and post-tests | 53 / 3 | Y | 1st year medical students | N | |
| O’Reilly et al. (2016) [78] | Y | Quizdom System pre and post-test | 22 / 2 | Y | Graduate entry medicine year 1 class | Y | Likert |
| Shah et al. (2016) [79] | Y | Labelled structures to be recognized | 8 / 2 | N | Neurosurgery residents (junior and senior) | N | |
| Hochman et al. (2015) [82] | N | NS | 10 / 10 | Y | Residents | Y | Likert |
Abbreviations: ENT Ear nose throat, MCQ Multiple choice question, N No, NS Not specified, Y Yes