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. 2023 Oct 21;21:93. doi: 10.1186/s12958-023-01148-9

Table 2.

Summary of laser traps (optical tweezers) used for sperm analysis and sorting

Study Source of sperm Type Type of laser Wavelength Trapping power Exposure time Total number of sperm trapped Analysis parameters References
Tadir et al., 1989 Donor Fresh Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser 1.06 μm 1 W 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 s 514 Linear velocity, actual distance traveled, maximum lateral head displacement and motility patterns (before, during, and after exposure) [13]
Tadir et al., 1990 Donor/normal Fresh Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum- Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser 1.06 μm 10–150 mW < 10 s 705 Linear velocity, motility patterns [14]
Colon et al., 1992 Donor/normal Fresh Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser 1.06 μm 25–96 mW 30, 60, 120, and 180 s NA Sperm velocity [60]
Westphal et al., 1993 Donor/normal Fresh Titanium-sapphire laser 760 nm < 300 mW < 10 s 892 Linear motility, hyperactivated motility, and cumulus-related motility [61]
Dantas et al., 1995 Normal Fresh Titanium-sapphire laser 800 nm 0-300 mW NA 2130 Relative escape force of sperm [62]
Liu et al., 1996 Donor/normal Fresh Nd:YAG laser 1064 nm < 500 mW < 10 min NA

Sperm cell temperature, DNA structure, viability,

and pH

 [15]
König et al., 1996 Donor/normal Fresh Tuneable cw Ti: Sapphire ring laser, UVA: 320–400 nm; NIR: 760 nm, 800 nm

1.5 mW (UVA),

105 mW (NIR)

 2 min 580 Cytotoxic effect [63]
Patrizio et al., 2000 Normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic donors Fresh Nd:YAG laser 1064 nm < 500 mW NA ≥ 80 per patient Relative escape force of sperm [64]
Shao et al., 2007 Donor Frozen CW Ytterbium fiber laser 1070 nm 0–25 mW NA 93

Curvilinear velocity

, smooth path velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement

 [65]
Nascimento et al., 2008 Donor Fresh and frozen NA 1064 nm NA NA NA Curvilinear velocity, escape force [66]
Shi et al., 2009 Donor Frozen CW Ytterbium fiber laser 1070 nm < 24 mW NA 264 Curvilinear velocity, smooth path velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement [67]
Hyun et al., 2012 Normal Frozen Nd:YVO4 laser 1064 nm 450 mW NA NA Curvilinear velocity, minimum laser power [68]
Auka et al., 2019 Donor Frozen CrystaLaser 1064 nm 700 mW NA 479 DNA analysis [69]
Zhong et al., 2022 Infertility patients Fresh Fiber laser NA ~ 400 mW < 20 s NA Longitudinal rolling dynamics of single sperm [70]

NA: not available; NIR: near-infrared; UVA: ultraviolet A