Table 4.

ELF-EMF's effects on the cardiovascular system.

References	In vitro/In vivo	Intervention description	Animal species	Main effect/Possible cause/ Mechanism
Elmas et al. (2012)	In vivo	50-Hz, 1-μT EMF	Wistar albino rats	No effect was observed.
Jeong et al. (2005)	In vivo	EMF (60 Hz, 20 G) for 1 (MF-1) or 5 days (MF-5)	Male rats	In short-term exposure, the results indicated that ELF-EMF might influence ventricular repolarization, leading to a suppression in heart rate elevation.
Liu et al. (2018)	In vivo	30 μT, 100 μT and 500 μT EMF exposure for 24 weeks, 20 h per day	SD rats	The results of echocardiography and cardiac catheterization showed that there were no significant differences in cardiac morphology and hemodynamics between the exposed group and the control group.
Martínez-Sámano et al. (2010)	In vivo	ELF-EMF (60 Hz, 2.4 mT) for 2 h	Adult male Wistar rats	The reduction of glutathione content in the heart was also detected in a 2-h exposure.
Wei et al. (2015)	In vitro	A 2 mT, 15 Hz, 50 Hz, 75 Hz and 100 Hz EMF	Cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal SD rats	The increase in the calcium concentration baseline level and the decrease in the amplitude of calcium transients in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Zhang et al. (2020)	In vivo	500 μT EMF exposure for 24 weeks, 20 h per day	Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats	The heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate were not influenced by EMF exposure. HE staining showed no change in the morphology and arrangement of cardiomyocytes.
Zhou et al. (2016)	In vivo	A 50-Hz MF at 100 μT for 24 weeks, 20 h per day	Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats	No obvious effects on the cardiovascular system were detected through the detection of blood pressure, pulse rate, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm.