Table 4.
Demographic and clinical characteristics among all patients in both study phases compared between the CPG compliance and CPG non-compliance groups (N = 371).
| Characteristics | CPG compliance (n = 103) n (%) |
CPG non-compliance (n = 268) n (%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Period, n (%) | |||
| CPG development group | 38 (36.9%) | 182 (67.9%) | < 0.001 |
| CPG implementation group | 65 (63.1%) | 86 (32.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 13 (12.6%) | 31 (11.6%) | 0.779 |
| Female | 90 (87.4%) | 237 (88.4%) | 0.779 |
| Age (years). mean ± SD | 56.63 ± 21.34 | 52.00 ± 20.52 | 0.010 |
| Age (years), median (range) | 59 (19–97) | 55.5 (18–94) | 0.880 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Autoimmune diseases | 1 (1.0%) | 9 (3.4%) | 0.295 |
| Malignancy | 4 (3.9%) | 16 (6.0%) | 0.425 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 (25.2%) | 53 (19.8%) | 0.249 |
| Essential hypertension | 43 (41.7%) | 83 (31.0%) | 0.050 |
| Dyslipidemia | 32 (31.1%) | 60 (22.4%) | 0.083 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 11 (10.7%) | 16 (6.0%) | 0.118 |
| Cirrhosis | 5 (4.9%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.009 |
| Thalassemia | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.479 |
| Chronic lung disease | 2 (1.9%) | 6 (2.2%) | 1.000 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 (5.8%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.079 |
| Anatomical/functional abnormality of urinary tract | 10 (9.7%) | 21 (7.8%) | 0.559 |
| Responsible department, n (%) | |||
| Internal medicine | 32 (31.1%) | 71 (26.5%) | 0.378 |
| Urological surgery | 35 (34.0%) | 69 (25.7%) | 0.114 |
| Emergency department | 19 (18.4%) | 58 (21.6%) | 0.497 |
| Gynecology | 11 (10.7%) | 31 (11.6%) | 0.809 |
| Social security clinic | 2 (1.9%) | 24 (9.0%) | 0.018 |
| Other | 4 (3.9%) | 15 (5.5%) | 0.503 |
| Clinical manifestations, n (%) | |||
| Hematuria | 20 (19.4%) | 82 (30.6%) | 0.031 |
| Urinary frequency | 55 (53.4%) | 121 (45.1%) | 0.154 |
| Urinary urgency | 35 (34.0%) | 53 (19.8%) | 0.004 |
| Dysuria | 77 (74.8%) | 206 (76.9%) | 0.669 |
| Suprapubic pain | 22 (21.4%) | 80 (29.9%) | 0.101 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Asymptomatic UTI | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.479 |
| Uncomplicated lower UTI | 30 (29.1%) | 92 (34.3%) | 0.339 |
| Complicated lower UTI | 63 (61.2%) | 165 (61.6%) | 0.943 |
| Recurrent lower UTI | 9 (8.7%) | 10 (3.7%) | 0.050 |
| Previous antibiotic treatment within 3 months, n (%) | 12 (11.7%) | 14 (5.2%) | 0.030 |
| Amoxicillin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.278 |
| Oral third-generation cephalosporin | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.188 |
| Norfloxacin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Ofloxacin | 3 (2. 9%) | 4 (1.5%) | 0.402 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 5 (4.9%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.148 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 1 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.278 |
| Unknown | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Urine examination, n (%) | |||
| No request | 3 (2.9%) | 18 (6.7%) | 0.211 |
| Urinalysis | 100 (97.1%) | 248 (92.5%) | 0.104 |
| Urine culture | 32 (31.1%) | 54 (20.1%) | 0.026 |
| Route of antibiotic administration, n (%) | |||
| Oral | 103 (100%) | 265 (98.9%) | 0.563 |
| Parenteral | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.563 |
| Type of antibiotics, n (%) | |||
| Ceftriaxone | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Amikacin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Amoxicillin | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 23 (22.3%) | 4 (1.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Oral third generation cephalosporins | 13 (12.6%) | 24 (9.0%) | 0.291 |
| All fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) | 0 (0.0%) | 188 (70.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Nitrofurantoin macrocrystal | 34 (33.0%) | 40 (14.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Fosfomycin trometamol | 33 (32.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (2.6%) | 0.197 |
| Duration of the initial course of antibiotic (days), mean ± SD | 4.69 ± 2.6 | 6.41 ± 3.09 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of the initial course of antibiotic (days), median (range) | 5 (1–7) | 5 (3–30) | 0.002 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | |||
| Misdiagnosis | 4 (3.9%) | 20 (7.5%) | 0.209 |
| Cure | 97 (94.2%) | 203 (75.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Persistence | 2 (1.9%) | 26 (9.7%) | 0.011 |
| Recurrence | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (6.3%) | 0.005 |
| Complication | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 |
| Epididymo-orchitis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Upper UTI and sepsis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 |
| Overall mortality | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000 |
| Cost of the initial course of antibiotic/patient (USD), mean ± SD | 7.01 ± 4.75 | 2.91 ± 7.51 | < 0.001 |
| Cost of the initial course of antibiotic/patient (USD), median (range) | 6.78 (0.88–12.07) | 0.62 (0.26–48.51) | < 0.001 |
A p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
CPG clinical practice guideline, SD standard deviation, UTI urinary tract infection, USD United States Dollar.