Table 5.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients included in the implementation phase compared between the CPG compliance and CPG non-compliance groups (N = 151).
| Characteristics | CPG compliance (n = 65) n (%) |
CPG non-compliance (n = 86) n (%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.430 | ||
| Male | 11 (16.9%) | 19 22.1%) | – |
| Female | 54 (83.1%) | 67 (77.9%) | – |
| Age (years). mean ± SD | 59.82 ± 20.08 | 57.43 ± 18.30 | 0.448 |
| Age (years), median (range) | 64 (19–93) | 60 (22–91) | 0.355 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Autoimmune diseases | 1 (1.5%) | 4 (4.7%) | 0.391 |
| Malignancy | 3 (4.6%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.733 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (32.3%) | 24 (27.9%) | 0.558 |
| Essential hypertension | 30 (46.2%) | 35 (40.7%) | 0.503 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 (38.5%) | 24 (27.9%) | 0.170 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (12.3%) | 4 (4.7%) | 0.085 |
| Cirrhosis | 3 (4.6%) | 2 (2.3%) | 0.652 |
| Thalassemia | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.635 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 5 (7.7%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.291 |
| Anatomical/functional abnormality of urinary tract | 7 (10.8%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.411 |
| Responsible department, n (%) | |||
| Internal medicine | 24 (36.9%) | 22 (25.6%) | 0.134 |
| Urological surgery | 20 (30.8%) | 25 (29.1%) | 0.821 |
| Emergency department | 12 (18.5%) | 16 (18.6%) | 0.982 |
| Gynecology | 6 (9.2%) | 4 (4.7%) | 0.262 |
| Social security clinic | 1 (1.5%) | 12 (14.0%) | 0.007 |
| Other | 2 (3.1%) | 7 (8.1%) | 0.193 |
| Clinical manifestations, n (%) | |||
| Hematuria | 10 (15.4%) | 19 (22.1%) | 0.300 |
| Urinary frequency | 34 (52.3%) | 37 (4.3%) | 0.258 |
| Urinary urgency | 27 (41.5%) | 18 (20.9%) | 0.006 |
| Dysuria | 47 (72.3%) | 66 (76.7%) | 0.534 |
| Suprapubic pain | 18 (27.7%) | 18 (20.9%) | 0.334 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||
| Uncomplicated lower UTI | 18 (27.7%) | 23 (26.7%) | 0.897 |
| Complicated lower UTI | 44 (67.7%) | 62 (72.1%) | 0.558 |
| Recurrent lower UTI | 3 (4.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.315 |
| Previous antibiotic treatment within 3 months | 7 (10.8%) | 4 (4.7%) | 0.208 |
| Amoxicillin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Oral third generation cephalosporin | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.184 |
| Ofloxacin | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.430 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 4 (6.2%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.464 |
| Urine examination, n (%) | |||
| No request | 2 (3.1%) | 10 (11.6%) | 0.054 |
| Urinalysis | 63 (96.9%) | 74 (86.0%) | 0.023 |
| Urine culture | 19 (29.2%) | 24 (27.9%) | 0.858 |
| Route of antibiotic administration, n (%) | |||
| Oral | 65 (100%) | 86 (100%) | 1.000 |
| Type of antibiotics, n (%) | |||
| Amoxicillin | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Amoxicillin/clavulanate | 11 (16.9%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.005 |
| Oral third-generation cephalosporins | 6 (9.2%) | 9 (10.5%) | 1.000 |
| All fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) | 0 (0.0%) | 60 (69.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Nitrofurantoin macrocrystal | 27 (41.5%) | 13 (15.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Fosfomycin trometamol | 21 (32.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of the first course of antibiotic (days), mean ± SD | 4.57 ± 2.61 | 7.24 ± 4.50 | < 0.001 |
| Duration of the first course of antibiotic (days), median (range) | 5 (1–7) | 7 (3–30) | 0.213 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | |||
| Misdiagnosis | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.635 |
| Cure | 63 (96.9%) | 62 (72.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Persistence | 1 (1.5%) | 11 (12.8%) | 0.011 |
| Recurrence | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (10.5%) | 0.010 |
| Complication | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Epididymo-orchitis | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 1.000 |
| Overall mortality | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Cost of the initial course of antibiotic/patient (USD), mean ± SD | 6.30 ± 4.96 | 3.95 ± 9.89 | 0.082 |
| Cost of the initial course of antibiotic/patient (USD), median (range) | 6.78 (0.88–12.07) | 0.62 (0.26–48.51) | < 0.001 |
A p-value < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
CPG clinical practice guideline, SD standard deviation, UTI urinary tract infection, USD United States Dollar.