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. 2023 Sep 22;15(9):e45787. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45787

Table 4. Study characteristics.

ABC: abacavir; ART: antiretroviral treatment; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DAD: data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs; NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: protease inhibitor; TDF: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; ZLA: zidovudine lamivudine abacavir; ZLN: zidovudine lamivudine nevirapine; ZLE: zidovudine lamivudine efavirenz

Author and year of publication Country Study type Sample size (TDF-containing regimen) Comparison group Baseline duration on ART Follow-up duration
Yazie et al. 2019 [17] Ethiopia Prospective observational study 63 TDF + lamivudine + efavirenz OR TDF + lamivudine + ritonavir boosted atanzanavir - - 6 months
Agrawal et al. 2022 [18] India Non-randomized cross-sectional study 50 TDF regime (tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz) 50 non-TDF (ZLN, ZLA, ZLE) At least 1 year. (1 to 7 years) -
Lee et al. 2019 [19]   Korea Single-center retrospective cohort 108 TDF-based regimen 102 were ABC-based ART group - For ABC-based ART group 109.01 ± 26.96 weeks. For 79.68 ± 36.39 weeks for TDF
Agbaji et al. 2019 [20] Nigeria Cohort TDF-exposed patients: 2,104 TDF-unexposed patients: 2,793 Naive at ART initiation 144 weeks
Tan et al. 2019 [21] China Single-center retrospective observational study 269 patients on TDF + lamivudine +efavirenz - ART naïve baseline, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144, and168 weeks
Hsu et al. 2020 [22] USA Cohort 6,222 TDF-based regimen. Low risk: 4,743. Medium risk: 994. High risk: 484. The first composite exposure of interest consisted of TDF use (yes/no) and baseline DAD CKD risk group (low, medium, and high-risk). The second composite exposure consisted of TDF use (yes/no) and whether the ART regimen included a pharmacoenhancer (cobicistat or ritonavir, yes/no) standard ART regimen (two NRTIs and one core agent: non-boosted integrase strand transfer inhibitor, non-boosted nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), boosted elvitegravir, or boosted PI) 3,580 non-TDF-based regimen. Low risk: 2,827. Medium risk: 481. High risk: 272. The no-TDF/low-risk group served as the referent group in comparative analyses. The no-TDF/non-boosted ART regimen group served as the referent group. in comparative analyses - 24,382 person-years
Yilma et al. 2020 [23] Ethiopia Cohort Naïve TDF, NNRTI regimen: 279 Non-TDF, NNRTI regimen: 60 - 12 months
Karoney et al. 2022 [24] Western Kenya Cross-sectional study TDF group: 261 Non-TDF group: 255 Median duration of ART: 6 years
Ng'umbi et al. 2022 [25] Uganda Hospital-based, cross-sectional study TDF-based regimen: 145 - 24 ± 2 months Cross-sectional study
Nishijima et al. 2018 [26] Japan Prospective cross-sectional study Current TDF users: 371. Past TDF users: 233 Never TDF users: 337 6 to 10 years Cross-sectional study