Fig. 13.

Roles of NADPH oxidases (NOX) in physiology and pathophysiology. Both NOX2 and NOX4, the main NOX isoforms in cardiomyocytes, can regulate intermediary metabolism in response to a variety of stresses. Several mechanisms are involved, including activation of transcription factors or in the case of NOX4 location at the MAM, targeted ROS signaling to influence mitochondrial function and cell viability. ATF4, activating transcription factor 4; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; ISR, integrated stress response. From Ref. [516] under the Creative Commons license.