TABLE.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Children Aged 5 to 17 years With TS, by Sleep Disorder Status
| Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | Lifetime TS with Sleep Disorder |
Lifetime TS without Sleep Disorder† |
Full Sample |
P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With Indicator n (%) | Total n | With Indicator n (%) | Total n | With Indicator n (%) | Total n* | ||
|
| |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (≤12 years) | 12 (37.5) | 32 | 32 (39.0) | 82 | 44 (38.6) | 114 | >0.99 |
| Sex (male) | 24 (75.0) | 32 | 70 (85.4) | 82 | 94 (82.5) | 114 | 0.27 |
| Racial or ethnic minority status (minority)‡,§ | 11 (34.4) | 32 | 22 (26.8) | 82 | 33 (28.9) | 114 | 0.49 |
| Parent education (no parent with more than a high school degree) | 15 (46.9) | 32 | 14 (17.1) | 82 | 29 (25.4) | 114 | <0.01 |
| Federal poverty level (≤200%)‡,‖‖ | 1 (56.3) | − (33.4) | − (39.8) | 0.04 | |||
| Other mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders | |||||||
| One or more lifetime mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder¶ | 32 (100.0) | 32 | 71 (86.6) | 82 | 103 (90.4) | 114 | 0.03 |
| ADHD | 29 (90.6) | 32 | 56 (68.3) | 82 | 85 (74.6) | 114 | 0.02 |
| Anxiety | 19 (59.4) | 32 | 32 (39.0) | 82 | 51 (44.7) | 114 | 0.06 |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 17 (53.1) | 32 | 24 (29.3) | 82 | 41 (35.9) | 114 | 0.03 |
| Depression | 16 (50.0) | 32 | 26 (31.7) | 82 | 42 (36.8) | 114 | 0.09 |
| OCD | 21 (65.6) | 32 | 30 (36.6) | 82 | 51 (44.7) | 114 | <0.01 |
| ODD or conduct disorder | 19(61.3) | 31 | 23 (28.1) | 82 | 42 (37.2) | 113 | <0.01 |
| Medication | |||||||
| Ever TS medication | 24 (77.4) | 31 | 40 (48.8) | 82 | 64 (56.6) | 113 | 0.01 |
| Ever ADHD medication# | 22 (81.5) | 27 | 41 (89.1) | 46 | 63 (86.3) | 73 | 0.48 |
| Medication side effects** | |||||||
| Ever sleep problems or insomnia due to TS medication | 13 (54.2) | 24 | 13 (34.2) | 38 | 26 (41.9) | 62 | 0.19 |
| Ever sleep problems or insomnia due to ADHD medication | 19 (86.4) | 22 | 22 (53.7) | 41 | 41 (65.1) | 63 | 0.01 |
| Ever mentally slowed down or sluggish due to TS medication | 17 (70.8) | 24 | 19 (50.0) | 38 | 36 (58.1) | 62 | 0.12 |
| Ever physically slowed down or sluggish due to TS medication | 15 (62.5) | 24 | 15 (39.5) | 38 | 30 (48.4) | 62 | 0.12 |
| Severity | |||||||
| Worst TS severity (severe) | 15 (46.9) | 32 | 15 (18.3) | 82 | 30 (26.3) | 114 | <0.01 |
| Worst ADHD severity (severe)†† | 22 (84.6) | 26 | 23 (50.0) | 46 | 45 (62.5) | 72 | <0.01 |
| Impairment | |||||||
| At their worst, tics interfered with ability to do things other children could do | 24 (77.4) | 31 | 38 (46.9) | 81 | 62 (55.4) | 112 | <0.01 |
| Overall school performance (problematic)‡‡ | 17 (53.1) | 32 | 33 (40.7) | 81 | 50 (44.3) | 113 | 0.29 |
Abbreviations:
ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
OCD = Obsessive-compulsive disorder
ODD = Oppositional defiant disorder
TS = Tourette syndrome
Data from the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome (NS-DATA) and 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH).
Proportions reflect unweighted values. The original NS-DATA sample had 115 participants. One observation was excluded from the analysis due to endorsing “don’t know” to ever diagnosed with sleep disorder.
P values are listed for group comparisons between lifetime TS without sleep disorder and lifetime TS with sleep disorder.
Data for these indicators are from the 2011—2012 NSCH; all other values are from NS-DATA.
Youth were categorized as minority status if identified as black, Hispanic, or other (i.e., not non-Hispanic white).
Federal poverty level reflects the proportion of household incomes that were less than or equal to 200% federal poverty level, using multiply imputed data for less than 5% of the overall sample (n = 114). Because of the imputation procedure, no sample n’s were available.
Represents an aggregate variable generated from a “yes” response to ever being diagnosed with one or more co-occurring disorders each rated separately: ADHD, anxiety disorders (such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or a phobia), autism spectrum disorder or pervasive developmental disorder, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders (such as anorexia or bulimia), intellectual disability, intermittent explosive disorder, language disorder, learning disorder, mood disorders (such as depression or major depressive disorder), OCD, ODD, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder.
Only parents who reported that their child was ever diagnosed with ADHD and were administered the ADHD module were asked to report on ADHD medication.
Only parents who reported that their child was taking TS or ADHD medication were asked to report on side effects.
Only parents who reported that their child was ever diagnosed with ADHD and were administered the ADHD module were asked to report on ADHD severity.
“Problematic” performance was derived from answer options of “problematic” and “somewhat problematic.”