Table 4.
Exploratory factor analysis for religiosity.
| Factor | Item | Factor loading | Cronbach's alpha | Mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1 | Islam is the way of life. | 0.966 | 0.913 | 4.910c |
| (Faith) | Quranic teachings are applicable in today's life. | 0.966 | ||
| Rasulullah's traditions are applicable throughout all times. | 0.902 | |||
| There is only one God (Allah). | 0.878 | |||
| All mankind deeds will be judged and rewarded accordingly after death. | 0.771 | |||
| One should fear all that offend Allah. | 0.757 | |||
| Reward of paradise encourages me to do good doings. | 0.679 | |||
| One will feel discomfort when missing worship time (such as prayer). | 0.646 | |||
| Factor 2 | I give charity for religious purposes. | 0.824 | 0.847 | 4.225c |
| (Virtue) | I ask Allah's pardon for wrong saying or lies. | 0.815 | ||
| I read Quran and perform zikir. | 0.771 | |||
| I am honest at all times. | 0.744 | |||
| I advise others to do good and avoid evil. | 0.698 | |||
| Factor 3 | I pray five times a day. | 0.827 | 0.558 | 4.530c |
| I pay zakat fitrah every year. | 0.637 | |||
| Factor 4c | I care about neighbours and their wellbeing. | 0.727 | 0.422 | |
| I visit my family/friend when they are bedridden. | 0.621 | |||
| I go to the mosque to pray “solat fardh”. | 0.507a | |||
| Factor 5b | Destiny is determined by Allah alone. | 0.801b | – | |
| I ask Allah's pardon for wrong saying or lies. | 0.468a | |||
| Factor 6 | I fulfill all that I promise. | 0.782 | 0.420 | 4.693c |
| I make sure that my dressing covers my aurat. | 0.693 | |||
| Factor 7 b | I have taken or given bribes. | 0.790b | – | |
| My earnings are from my own efforts and none from Allah's will. | 0.508a | |||
| I have conventional bank account. | 0.384a | |||
| I have taken interest (riba). | 0.266a | |||
| Factor 8 b | I fast the whole of Ramadhan. | 0.810b | – | |
| Factor 9 b | I worry if I cannot pay debt on time. | 0.758b | – | |
| Factor 10 b | I make sure the food and drink I consumed are halal. | 0.825b | – |
Notes: aItems discarded because factors loading below than 0.6; bFactors discarded as only one item is loaded for each factor; cMean of items was computed for factor with factor loadings above 0.6.