Table 1.

Dependent variable descriptions and descriptive statistics.

Variables	Definition	Meaning	Mean	Std. Dev.
$Y$	Number of TOPIK test applicants	Results of international promotion of the Korean language	2349	9444
$Y\_R1$	Number of TOPIK test-takers	Robustness test	1901	7620
$Y\_R2$	Number of successful TOPIK test-takers	Robustness test	1373	5439
$Y\_D$	Dummy variable, 1 for holding TOPIK test, 0 otherwise.	For the selection equation in the Heckman two-step method	0.388	0.487