Table 4.

Robustness test results.

Variables	Outcome Equation (Number of total TOPIK test-takers)	Outcome Equation (Number of successful TOPIK test-takers)
$FDI$	${0.746}^{***}$ $\left(0.150\right)$	${0.784}^{***}$ $\left(0.152\right)$
$Trade$	${0.123}^{**}$ $\left(0.057\right)$	${0.108}^{*}$ $\left(0.060\right)$
$Income$	${0.505}^{***}$ $\left(0.087\right)$	${0.483}^{***}$ $\left(0.087\right)$
$Distance$	${-1.140}^{***}$ $\left(0.259\right)$	${-0.977}^{***}$ $\left(0.257\right)$
$Education$	${0.493}^{***}$ $\left(0.065\right)$	${0.511}^{***}$ $\left(0.062\right)$
$Internet$	${1.247}^{***}$ $\left(0.254\right)$	${1.315}^{***}$ $\left(0.263\right)$
$KSI$	${0.209}^{***}$ $\left(0.026\right)$	${0.204}^{***}$ $\left(0.026\right)$
$Hallyu$	${1.044}^{***}$ $\left(0.386\right)$	${0.999}^{**}$ $\left(0.417\right)$
$Population$	${0.369}^{***}$ $\left(0.065\right)$	${0.347}^{***}$ $\left(0.062\right)$
$IMR$	${1.185}^{***}$ $\left(0.278\right)$	${1.240}^{***}$ $\left(0.266\right)$
$Constant$	$-0.643$ $\left(2.285\right)$	$-2.230$ $\left(2.369\right)$
$LanguagegroupFE$	$Y$	$Y$
$YearFE$	$Y$	$Y$
$Obs\text{.}$	$676$	$676$

Robust standard errors are indicated in parentheses. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.