Table 2.
Summary of HRAC herbicide modes of action classification 2022 and their association with ROS
| Main group | Target site | Code | ROSa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Light activation of ROS | |||
| Photosynthesis at PSII—serine 264 binders | 5 | ∗∗∗ | |
| Photosynthesis at PSII—histidine 215 binders | 6 | ∗∗∗ | |
| Glutamine synthetase | 10 | ∗∗∗ | |
| PDS | 12 | ||
| Deoxy-d-xylulose phosphate synthase | 13 | ||
| Protoporphyrinogen oxidase | 14 | ∗∗∗ | |
| PSI electron diversion | 22 | ∗∗∗ | |
| Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | 27 | ||
| Solanesyl diphosphate synthase | 32 | ||
| HST | 33 | ||
| Lycopene cyclase | 34 | ||
| Cellular metabolism | |||
| ACCase | 1 | ∗ | |
| ALS | 2 | ∗ | |
| EPSPS | 9 | ∗ | |
| Very long-chain fatty acid elongases | 15 | ||
| Dihydropteroate synthase | 18 | ||
| Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | 28 | ||
| Cellulose synthesisb | 29 | ∗ | |
| FAT | 30 | ||
| Cell division and development | |||
| Microtubule assembly | 3 | ||
| Auxin mimics | 4 | ∗ | |
| Auxin transport inhibitor | 19 | ||
| Microtubule organization | 23 | ||
| Uncouplers | 24 | ∗∗∗ | |
| Others | Unknownc | 0 | |
a
Involvement of ROS in phytotoxic response. ROS accumulation as a primary mechanism (∗∗∗), secondary mechanism (∗∗), or indirectly (∗).
b
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors used 29, 21, or 20 depending on the active ingredient in the old WSSA system. Now all in 29.
c
Compounds with unknown MoA were in 11, 16, 17, 26, and 25 in the old WSSA system. Now they are all in 0.