Table 1.

Estimated worldwide economic losses of brucellosis.

Brucella species	Economic losses	Economic losses	Date of study	Animal species	References
B. abortus	USD 32 million annually	Brazil	2002	Cattle	(8)
	Abortion 15%. Perinatal mortality rates 10%. Mortality risk for infected cows 1%. Temporary infertility 20%. Milk losses 15%. Meat losses 5% Replacement costs of infected cows, heifers, and bulls. Veterinary costs.		2013		(9)
Bovine brucellosis	USD 60 million annually	Argentina	2002	Cattle	(10)
Bovine brucellosis	Reduced milk production Abortion, increase the inter-calving period Repeat breeding Cost of veterinary examination and treatment	Khartoum State, Sudan	April to October 2012	Cattle	(11)
B. abortus and B. melitensis	Reduced milk production	Dushanbe, Tajikistan.	May to October 2011	Cattle	(12)
B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. ovis	USD 62,926,060.84 annually	Malaysia	2012	Cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep	(13)
Caprine brucellosis	USD 50,391.13 annually		July to September 2011.	Goats	(14)
B. abortus	The imbalance between the sale of sick animals and the purchase of healthy animals of a similar level of production. The losses were caused by a reduction in the volume of production during the quarantine.	Ecuador	2015 to 2017	Dairy cattle	(15)
B. abortus and B. melitensis	The cost spent on compensation (USD 21 million) for brucellosis animals. Testing animals $24 million annually	Kazakhstan	2015	Cattle and small ruminants	(16)
Brucella spp.	The economic cost of brucellosis in yaks and control program (US$ 521,043).	China	April to May 2015	Yaks	(17)
Bovine brucellosis	USD 6.8 per cattle USD 18.2 per buffalo USD 0.7 per sheep USD 0.5 per goat USD 0.6 per pig.	India	2015	Cattle, sheep, goats and pig	(18)
	Financial costs USD 3.43 billion		2018	Cattle	(19)
	Reduced milk yield (46%) Extended calving interval (18%) Treatment cost of abortion (14%) Treatment cost of metritis/endometritis (8%)		2003 to 2005	Cattle and buffalo	(20)
Brucella spp.	Reproductive loss: Losses due to abortion Losses due to increased inter-calving/kidding/lambing/farrowing period Production losses: Direct loss in milk production Direct loss in carcass weight Losses due to mortality in adult animals that were aborted. Draught power loss		1998 to 2014	Cattle, buffalo, Goats, Sheep and Pigs	(21)
Brucella spp.	Drop in milk production, infertility, sale value, abortion, weak calf and lamb, swollen joints, and cost of treatment.	Baringo County, Kenya	2020	Sheep, Goats, Cattle, and Camels	(22)
Brucella spp.	Cost benefits analysis of mass vaccination strategy (USD 1.75 per adult female animal).	Northern Iraq	20-year period from the implementation of the vaccination program.	Sheep and goats	(23)