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. 2023 Oct 19;16:4267–4285. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S417718

Table 2.

Mean Effects of Outcome Categories

k n r 95% CI Q df (Q) I2
Internalizing problems 29 37,464 0.270 0.234, 0.304 251.32*** 28 88.9%
Externalizing problems 13 17,089 0.210 0.154, 0.264 171.71*** 12 93.0%
Social competence 6 8814 −0.162 −0.207, −0.120 15.16** 5 67.0%
Self-concept 8 8008 −0.206 −0.244, −0.168 20.20** 7 65.3%

Notes: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: k, number of studies; n, number of observations; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.