Table 1.
Studies of Adjunctive Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Schizophrenia
| Author | Year | Country | Agent | Trial Duration | N | Age | Sex | Smoking | BMI | Illness Duration | Age of Onset | Study Quality | PANSS Total | ES Total | PANSS Positive | ES Positive | PANSS Negative | ES Negative | PANSS General | ES General |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akhondzadeh | 2003 | Iran | Estrogen | 8 | 16 | 32.7 | 0 | 6 | 113.0 | −1.74 | −0.99 | −0.02 | −1.83 | |||||||
| Akhondzadeh | 2007 | Iran | Celecoxib | 6 | 30 | 33.7 | 58 | 7.9 | 25.2 | 6 | 92.0 | −0.93 | ||||||||
| Baheti | 2013 | US | Celecoxib | 6 | 31 | 1 | 92.6 | −0.30 | 29.0 | −0.86 | 25.7 | −0.51 | 37.9 | −0.51 | ||||||
| Berk | 2008 | Australia | NAC | 24 | 69 | 36.6 | 70 | 12.2 | 6 | 64.0 | −0.57 | 16.4 | −0.12 | 15.1 | −.0.52 | 32.5 | −0.46 | |||
| Breier | 2018 | US | NAC | 52 | 30 | 23.6 | 50 | 1.4 | 4 | 56.2 | −0.75 | 17.0 | −0.21 | 13.9 | −0.45 | |||||
| Chaudhry | 2012 | Pakistan | Minocycline | 52 | 56 | 26.2 | 60 | 3 | 82.2 | −0.20 | 19.0 | −0.21 | 22.3 | −0.40 | 41.0 | −0.02 | ||||
| Chaudhry | 2012 | Brazil | Minocycline | 52 | 15 | 26.2 | 60 | 4 | 63.0 | −1.77 | 11.4 | −1.04 | 23.1 | −1.38 | 28.5 | −1.73 | ||||
| Chengappa | 2014 | US | WSE | 14 | 34 | 46.3 | 51 | 30.2 | 22.1 | 24.2 | 6 | 69.9 | −0.75 | 19.6 | −0.27 | 16.5 | −0.43 | 33.8 | −0.75 | |
| Deakin | 2018 | UK | Minocycline | 52 | 103 | 25.6 | 72 | 27.9 | 5 | 67.1 | 0.58 | 16.3 | 0.19 | 17.7 | 0.19 | |||||
| Emsley | 2002 | South Africa | EPA | 12 | 20 | 44.9 | 72 | 5 | 76.2 | −0.70 | 18.5 | 24.6 | 33.2 | |||||||
| Emsley | 2006 | South Africa | EPA | 12 | 39 | 42.9 | 67 | 5 | 59.2 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| Farokhnia | 2013 | Iran | NAC | 8 | 21 | 32.8 | 48 | 81 | 7.2 | 7 | 113.4 | −1.11 | 30.2 | 0.22 | 27.4 | −1.27 | 55.8 | −0.77 | ||
| Fenton | 2001 | US | EPA | 16 | 43 | 40.0 | 61 | 5 | 74.0 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
| Ghanizadeh | 2014 | Iran | Lovastatin | 8 | 20 | 30.5 | 69 | 19 | 21.9 | 0.7 | 6 | 129.9 | −0.17 | 30.8 | −0.02 | 26.9 | 0.17 | 70.6 | 0.00 | |
| Ghanizadeh | 2014 | Iran | Minocycline | 8 | 15 | 30.6 | 17 | 3 | 43.9 | −0.25 | 11.7 | 0.21 | 5.6 | −0.43 | 18.9 | −0.20 | ||||
| Hong | 2011 | US | Varenicline | 8 | 32 | 42.8 | 66 | 63 | 3 | 61.0 | −0.45 | |||||||||
| Iranpour | 2016 | Iran | Pioglitazone | 8 | 21 | 37.5 | 69 | 15.0 | 6 | 70.5 | −1.08 | 17.9 | −0.53 | 17.4 | −1.31 | 34.4 | −0.49 | |||
| Jamilian | 2014 | Iran | Omega-3 | 8 | 30 | 31.5 | 52 | 56 | 9.7 | 4 | 96.1 | −0.08 | 26.7 | 0.07 | 23.8 | 0.02 | 45.9 | −0.27 | ||
| Javitt | 2012 | US | Davenutide | 12 | 19 | 42.3 | 65 | 3 | 54.0 | 0.40 | ||||||||||
| Javitt | 2012 | US | Davenutide | 12 | 19 | 43.3 | 65 | 3 | 52.0 | 0.54 | ||||||||||
| Kelly | 2015 | US | Minocycline | 10 | 28 | 42.6 | 74 | 23.8 | 18.9 | 7 | 80.0 | −0.56 | ||||||||
| Khodaie | 2014 | Iran | Minocycline | 8 | 20 | 40.1 | 72 | 19.9 | 7 | 71.4 | −1.56 | 16.3 | −0.36 | 17.5 | −1.80 | 37.5 | −0.52 | |||
| Khodaie | 2015 | Iran | Raloxifene | 8 | 21 | 31.9 | 100 | 31.9 | 7 | 100.7 | −1.56 | 30.3 | −0.20 | 24.1 | −1.36 | 46.3 | −1.02 | |||
| Kianimehr | 2014 | Iran | Raloxifene | 8 | 25 | 61.2 | 0 | 15.4 | 32.2 | 5 | 105.5 | −0.75 | 25.8 | −0.89 | 28.0 | −0.08 | 50.4 | −0.74 | ||
| Kulkarni | 2001 | Australia | Estrogen | 4 | 12 | 34.5 | 0 | 7.9 | 4 | 68.2 | −0.42 | 16.3 | −0.09 | 14.0 | 0.32 | 35.3 | −0.25 | |||
| Kulkarni | 2001 | Australia | Estrogen | 4 | 12 | 33.9 | 0 | 8.9 | 4 | 75.8 | −0.64 | 18.3 | −0.42 | 16.6 | 0.45 | 41.0 | −0.76 | |||
| Kulkarni | 2010 | Australia | Raloxifene | 12 | 9 | 52.4 | 0 | 33.0 | 19.5 | 4 | 69.4 | −0.07 | 18.1 | 0.44 | 15.7 | −0.38 | 35.7 | 0.00 | ||
| Kulkarni | 2010 | Australia | Raloxifene | 12 | 13 | 52.1 | 0 | 26.8 | 25.3 | 4 | 83.5 | −1.39 | 19.8 | −0.67 | 21.6 | −0.73 | 42.1 | −1.21 | ||
| Kulkarni | 2008 | Australia | Estrogen | 4 | 56 | 33.6 | 0 | 10.9 | 22.8 | 4 | 77.5 | −0.59 | 19.8 | 17.1 | 40.6 | |||||
| Kulkarni | 2011 | Australia | Estrogen | 2 | 26 | 32.0 | 100 | 6.8 | 4 | 72.6 | 0.20 | 20.0 | 0.28 | 16.4 | −0.03 | 36.2 | 0.10 | |||
| Kulkarni | 2015 | Australia | Estrogen | 8 | 56 | 35.1 | 0 | 12.2 | 22.9 | 4 | 75.0 | −0.18 | 19.2 | −0.18 | 17.8 | 0.01 | 38.0 | −0.18 | ||
| Kulkarni | 2015 | Australia | Estrogen | 8 | 62 | 35.4 | 0 | 11.3 | 24.0 | 4 | 74.4 | −0.44 | 18.2 | −0.43 | 19.0 | −0.33 | 37.2 | −0.34 | ||
| Kulkarni | 2016 | Australia | Raloxifene | 12 | 26 | 53.0 | 0 | 30.0 | 24.7 | 28.3 | 6 | 80.0 | −0.63 | 18.4 | −0.30 | −0.63 | ||||
| Laan | 2010 | Netherlands | Aspirin | 12 | 33 | 31.1 | 83 | 3.7 | 4 | 71.1 | −0.37 | 16.5 | −0.23 | 18.4 | −0.17 | 36.3 | −0.32 | |||
| Lee | 2015 | Taiwan | DM | 11 | 74 | 30.4 | 60 | 5 | 86.3 | 0.21 | 20.3 | 0.30 | 22.0 | 0.05 | 39.0 | 0.26 | ||||
| Lerner | 2013 | Israel | Bexarotene | 6 | 45 | 41.5 | 90 | 27.1 | 14.4 | 27.1 | 6 | 73.2 | −0.16 | 15.5 | −0.58 | 18.6 | 0.17 | |||
| Levkovitz | 2010 | Israel | Minocycline | 22 | 36 | 25.0 | 74 | 3.8 | 21.2 | 4 | 80.4 | 0.47 | 14.5 | 0.08 | 22.3 | −0.49 | 43.6 | 0.26 | ||
| Liu | 2014 | China | Minocycline | 16 | 39 | 27.4 | 62 | 2.0 | 5 | 81.3 | −0.51 | 16.9 | −0.17 | 25.0 | −0.86 | 39.9 | −0.37 | |||
| Mishra | 2020 | India | Ramelteon | 4 | 25 | 37.8 | 59 | 69 | 22.2 | 5 | 97.5 | −0.34 | 29.7 | −0.13 | 20.4 | 47.4 | ||||
| Mishra | 2020 | India | Ramelteon | 4 | 24 | 36.4 | 60 | 75 | 23.2 | 5 | 88.5 | −0.22 | 19.5 | 26.7 | −0.23 | 42.7 | ||||
| Modabbernia | 2014 | Iran | Melatonin | 8 | 18 | 32.8 | 70 | 56 | 7 | 113.5 | −0.89 | 28.4 | −0.53 | 26.9 | −0.56 | 58.2 | −0.97 | |||
| Muller | 2002 | Germany | Celecoxib | 5 | 25 | 35.7 | 50 | 4 | 71.8 | −0.54 | 19.0 | 18.7 | ||||||||
| Muller | 2010 | Germany | Celecoxib | 6 | 25 | 28.6 | 54 | 1.3 | 4 | 94.5 | −0.55 | 25.5 | −0.53 | 21.5 | −0.38 | 47.5 | −0.49 | |||
| Pawelczyk | 2016 | Poland | EPA+DHA | 26 | 36 | 23.2 | 59 | 41 | 6 | 98.4 | −0.59 | |||||||||
| Peet | 2001 | UK | DHA | 12 | 16 | 42.8 | 67 | 2 | 73.4 | 0.12 | 17.8 | 0.33 | ||||||||
| Peet | 2001 | UK | EPA | 12 | 15 | 44.0 | 62 | 2 | 69.9 | −0.27 | 18.9 | −0.25 | ||||||||
| Peet | 2002 | UK | EPA | 12 | 9 | 5 | 88.4 | −1.08 | ||||||||||||
| Qiao | 2017 | China | EPA+DHA | 12 | 28 | 32.0 | 60 | 10.8 | 21.1 | 4 | 87.8 | 0.04 | 25.9 | 19.4 | 42.5 | |||||
| Rapaport | 2005 | US | Celecoxib | 9 | 18 | 45.7 | 83 | 29.0 | 23.9 | 21.8 | 6 | 84.1 | 0.64 | 16.8 | 0.82 | 27.1 | 0.34 | 40.1 | 0.50 | |
| Rappard | 2004 | US | Celecoxib | 11 | 138 | 2 | 78.6 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
| Ritsner | 2010 | Israel | Pregnenolone | 8 | 14 | 34.4 | 68 | 13.3 | 23.6 | 5 | 17.6 | −0.07 | 23.4 | 0.05 | 39.9 | 0.03 | ||||
| Ritsner | 2010 | Israel | Pregnenolone | 8 | 6 | 35.9 | 77 | 26.6 | 11.3 | 23.2 | 5 | 20.5 | −0.25 | 25.8 | 0.11 | 47.7 | −0.28 | |||
| Ritsner | 2014 | Israel | Pregnenolone | 8 | 25 | 27.4 | 87.0 | 2.7 | 24.30 | 4 | −0.52 | 0.04 | −0.79 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Sepehrmanesh | 2018 | Iran | NAC | 12 | 12 | 39.1 | 48 | 15.4 | 5 | 104.0 | −0.72 | 22.9 | −0.08 | 30.4 | −1.07 | 50.5 | −0.64 | |||
| Smith | 2016 | Netherlands | Varenicline | 8 | 42 | 45.0 | 84 | 5 | 56.2 | −0.23 | ||||||||||
| Sommer | 2021 | Netherlands | Simvastatin | 104 | 58 | 4 | 58.9 | 14.1 | 14.8 | 35.2 | −0.87 | |||||||||
| Tajik-Esmaeeli | 2017 | Iran | Simvastatin | 8 | 33 | 43.9 | 89 | 58 | 20.1 | 7 | 47.1 | −0.95 | 9.2 | 0.00 | 18.7 | −0.83 | 19.2 | −0.45 | ||
| Usall | 2011 | Spain | Raloxifene | 12 | 16 | 61.4 | 0 | 35.0 | 26.4 | 4 | 62.6 | −0.57 | 10.6 | −1.04 | 22.5 | −0.70 | 30.8 | −0.77 | ||
| Usall | 2016 | Spain | Raloxifene | 12 | 38 | 61.7 | 0 | 35.1 | 26.6 | 4 | 80.5 | −0.67 | 17.1 | −0.35 | 24.4 | −0.53 | 39.0 | −0.74 | ||
| Vincenzi | 2014 | US | Pravastatin | 12 | 30 | 43.6 | 63 | 40 | 31.4 | 21.7 | 21.6 | 8 | 75.2 | −0.17 | 17.0 | −0.15 | 20.5 | 0.05 | 37.6 | −0.13 |
| Weiser | 2012 | Israel | Aspirin | 16 | 100 | 42.2 | 50 | 13.0 | 3 | 92.0 | −0.28 | |||||||||
| Weiser | 2017 | Israel | Raloxifene | 16 | 100 | 56.2 | 0 | 24.7 | 31.6 | 3 | 101.7 | 0.24 | 23.6 | 0.11 | 27.0 | 0.26 | 51.1 | 0.21 | ||
| Weiser | 2019 | Israel | Minocycline | 16 | 100 | 43.5 | 56 | 26.3 | 3 | 94.6 | 0.14 | 23.9 | 24.5 | 46.1 | ||||||
| Zhang | 2018 | China | Minocycline | 12 | 25 | 33.4 | 50 | 6.1 | 5 | 79.0 | −0.29 | 15.2 | −0.20 | 26.3 | −0.28 | 37.3 | −0.22 | |||
| Zhang | 2018 | China | Minocycline | 12 | 25 | 33.5 | 48 | 6.1 | 5 | 78.5 | −0.32 | 14.9 | 0.31 | 26.4 | −0.85 | 37.4 | −0.25 |
Selected sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of included trials. Trial duration is in weeks. Age, illness duration, and age of onset are the means in years for study subject. BMI and PANSS scores are the means for study subjects. Sex is the percentage of males and smoking is the percentage of smokers in the study.