Table 3.
Association of maternal affective and instrumental social support tertiles with infant growth and development outcomes
| Outcomes | Multivariable* associations for maternal affective support |
Multivariable* associations for maternal instrumental support |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference or Relative risk (CI) | z# | p-value for trend | Mean difference or Relative risk (CI) | z# | p-value for trend | |
|
| ||||||
| Anthropometric growth outcomes | ||||||
| Mean difference LAZ | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.20 (0.03–0.36) | 2.35 | 0.07 (−0.10–0.23) | 0.82 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.05 (−0.13–0.22) | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.01 (−0.16–0.19) | 0.13 | 0.93 |
| Relative risk stunting (LAZ < -2) | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | −1.90 | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | −0.84 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) | −0.53 | 0.68 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 0.28 | 0.67 |
| Mean difference WAZ | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.02 (−0.13–0.17) | 0.21 | −0.01 (−0.16–0.14) | −0.17 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.10 (−0.06–0.26) | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.07 (−0.09–0.23) | 0.85 | 0.37 |
| Relative risk underweight (WAZ < -2) | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 1.04 (0.68–1.58) | 0.16 | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | −0.74 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) | −0.46 | 0.66 | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | −0.58 | 0.58 |
| Mean difference WLZ | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | −0.09 (−0.27–0.08) | −1.08 | −0.05 (−0.22–0.12) | −0.59 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.05 (−0.13–0.23) | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.06 (−0.12–0.24) | 0.64 | 0.47 |
| Relative risk wasting (WLZ < -2) | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 1.63 (0.73–3.64) | 1.20 | 1.90 (0.81–4.44) | 1.48 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.26 (0.05–1.24) | −1.69 | 0.17 | 1.10 (0.41–2.96) | 0.19 | 0.75 |
| CREDI developmental domain outcomes | ||||||
| Cognitive mean difference | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.12 (−0.04–0.27) | 1.51 | 0.16 (0.004–0.31) | 2.01 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.18 (0.01–0.35) | 2.14 | 0.03 | 0.26 (0.10–0.42) | 3.15 | 0.002 |
| Language | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.03 (−0.14–0.21) | 0.36 | 0.22 (0.04–0.39) | 2.47 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.06 (−0.13–0.24) | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.16 (−0.02–0.35) | 1.73 | 0.11 |
| Motor | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.09 (−0.05–0.23) | 1.23 | 0.08 (−0.07–0.22) | 1.04 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.16 (0.01–0.31) | 2.04 | 0.04 | 0.17 (0.02–0.33) | 2.22 | 0.03 |
| Overall | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Middle tertile | 0.09 (−0.06–0.24) | 1.18 | 0.15 (0.001–0.30) | 1.97 | ||
| Highest tertile | 0.12 (−0.04–0.28) | 1.49 | 0.13 | 0.19 (0.03–0.35) | 2.35 | 0.02 |
*
Adjusted for: maternal age, maternal education, household wealth quintile, marital status, maternal employment status, parity, maternal CD4 category, maternal WHO HIV disease stage, taking ART, trial site, child sex, child age, child twin status, and randomized regimen
#
Mean z-score in SD units