Table 3:
Bivariable associations between prenatal arsenic exposure in drinking water and demographic factors with perinatal outcomes among participants in the ECHO-wide Cohort Study.
| N | Birth weight Est. (95% CI) |
Gestational age Est. (95% CI) |
Preterm birth OR (95% CI) |
SGA OR (95% CI) |
LGA OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure status | 15,342 | |||||
| Unexposed | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Exposed | −71.44 (−120.28, −22.60) | −0.52 (−0.72, −0.32) | 1.46 (1.19, 1.78) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.14) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.36) | |
| Maternal age at birth | 15,245 | 8.91 (6.97, 10.85) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
| Year of birth | 15,342 | −1.26 (−4.17, 1.65) | −0.02 (−0.03, 0.00) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Infant sex | 15,342 | |||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Female | −102.66 (−124.26, −81.06) | 0.15 (0.06, 0.24) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | |
| Maternal race | 14,658 | |||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Black | 341.70 (−372.63, −310.77) | −0.82 (−1.00, −0.69) | 1.77 (1.55, 2.01) | 2.48 (2.11, 2.91) | 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) | |
| Other | −119.15 (−149.26, −89.04) | −0.19 (−0.32, −0.07) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 1.47 (1.23, 1.76) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | |
| Maternal ethnicity | 14,956 | |||||
| non-Hispanic | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Hispanic | −36.71 (−65.21, −8.22) | −0.10 (−0.21, 0.02) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 13,028 | |||||
| Underweight | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Normal weight | 198.38 (126.78, 269.99) | 0.50 (0.21, 0.79) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.92) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.84) | 1.85 (1.28, 2.78) | |
| Overweight | 230.72 (157.43, 304.01) | 0.25 (−0.04, 0.55) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.23) | 0.57 (0.40, 0.84) | 2.80 (1.93, 4.21) | |
| Obese | 200.08 (127.03, 273.13) | −0.09 (−0.39, 0.20) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.51) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.73) | 2.99 (2.06, 4.49) | |
| Any tobacco or nicotine use | 13,092 | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | −137.53 (−178.77, −96.29) | −0.44 (−0.61, −0.27) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.63) | 1.71 (1.38, 2.10) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | |
| Maternal education | 10,067 | |||||
| Less than high school | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| High school or equivalent | 26.25 (−28.51, 81.00) | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.26) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) | |
| Some college; Trade school | 79.67 (27.30, 132.04) | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.22) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.92) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.54) | |
| Bachelor's | 240.26 (188.87, 291.65) | 0.74 (0.53, 0.95) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.66) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.72) | 1.46 (1.17, 1.84) | |
| Master's or above | 240.31 (188.21, 292.42) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.00) | 0.47 (0.37, 0.61) | 0.55 (0.41, 0.75) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.63) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 12,005 | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | 3.20 (−39.13, 45.52) | −0.52 (−0.69, −0.35) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.65) | 0.62 (0.45, 0.84) | 1.41 (1.20, 1.65) | |
| Hypertensive disorder | 14,149 | |||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yes | −371.87 (−405.37, −338.37) | −1.70 (−1.80, −1.60) | 3.24 (2.86, 3.65) | 2.30 (1.95, 2.70) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) |
Abbreviations: SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age; Est.: estimate; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; BMI: body mass index.
Note: Estimates in bold are statistically significant.