TABLE 4.

Mendelian Randomization Studies of Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Density or Fractures (59–65)

Study	Sample size (n)	SNPs	Outcome
Li, SclRep 2016 (64)	Chinese postmenopausal women (n=1,824}	4	BMD: all p >0.1
Larsson, JBMR 2018 (60)	2 cohorts of European descent (n=32,965 and n= 142,487)	5 linked to 4 vitamin D related genes	1 SD higher 25(OH)D BMD+ 0.02 CL-0.03 ± 0.07 p >0.1
Sun J Cell Mol Med 2019 (58)	European ancestry (n=61,079)	6	total body BMD: p >0.05 at all ages
Kampe, PlosGen 2019 (61)	Finish children (age 2 yrs; r=761)	2	lower 25(OH)D linked to lower BMD p <0.01
Ye, GenEpid 2020 (63)	UK Biobark (n=326,409)	143	higher 25(OH)D linked to lower risk of leg or femur but not other fractures: OR 0.60 CL 0.45–0.SO
Colak, Clin Chem 2020 (62)	Danish adults (n=116,335)	6	total fracture risk for 3% lower predicted 25(OH)D: OR 0.99 CL 0.981.00
Tang, Sci Rep, 2022 (59)	European ancestry (n=67,35S)	143	predicted 25(OH)D and BMD at different sites: all p >0.05

Abbreviations: SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism, BMD: bone mineral density, NS: non-significant, BMC: bone mineral content