TABLE 5.

Mendelian Randomization Studies: Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis (117–126)

Study	SNP	Origin of Study	n(vs. ctr] Outcome
Mokryetal. 2015	4	Canada: Adult	14r49S vs. 3S,5S9	1 SD predicted higher 250HD: OR for MS: 0.5 p< 0.0000001
Rhead et al. 2016	3	US: Non-H is panic Whites Switzerland	1,056 vs. 9,015 6,335 vs. 5,762	OR for highest predicted 250HD: 0.35, 95% Cl 0.760.94, p=0.003
Gianfrancesco et al. 2017	3	US: early onset MS		Higher predicted 250HD0R for MS: 0.72, 95% Cl 0.550.94, p=0.02
Jacobs et al. 2020	5	El nopea n ancestry: Adults and children US: Adults and children Switzerland: Adults and children	14,302 vs. 41,505 394 vs. 10,375 175 vs. 5,376	OR for MS: 0.57, 95% Cl 0.41–0.81, p=0.001
V\ian et al. 2021	7	European ancestry	121,640	OR for MS: 0.77 (0.65–0.93)
Jiang etal. 2021	138	European ancestry (UK Bio bank)	> 440,000	OR for MS: 0.32(0.69– 0.99)
Harroud et al. 2021	138	European ancestry (UK Bio bank)	401,460	OR for MS: 0.72(0.60– 0.37)
Wang 2022	20	European ancestry	14,490 vs. 24,091	OR for MS: (0.22–0.45) p< 0.001
Vandenbergh et al. 2022	143	European ancestry	14,302 vs. 26,703	15D predicted higher 250HD: OR for MS: 0.72 (CL 0.60–033), pÔ.OOl; OR for relapse: 0.57 (CL 0.39–0.85), p=0.006
Zhang et al. 2023	6	European ancestry	14,302 vs. 26,703	OR for MS: 0.81 (0.70–0.94)