Table 3:
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between outdoor light at night (LAN) and prostate cancer incidence in HPFS 1986–2016, stratified by PSA screening intensity, urbanicity, and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES)
| Total prostate cancer | Fatal prostate cancer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Model | aHR (95% CI) | bHR (95% CI) | Phet | aHR (95% CI) | cHR (95% CI) | Phet |
|
| ||||||
| Stratified by PSA screening intensity | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Cumulative LAN in the total population | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Total population (N=49,148) | Cases (PYs)=7,175 (1,125,157) | Cases (PYs)=915 (1,131,169) | ||||
| eLow PSA screening intensity | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.47 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.19) | 0.17 |
| fHigh PSA screening intensity | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.19) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Baseline LAN in those who reported a home address | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| d Nonmovers (N=15,132) | Cases (PYs)=2,348 (326, 942) | Cases (PYs)= 359 (328,813) | ||||
| eLow PSA screening intensity | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.08 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.73 |
| fHigh PSA screening intensity | 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.72, 1.42) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Stratified by Urbanicity (urban: >1,000 people/mile 2 , nonurban: <1,000 people/mile 2 ) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Cumulative LAN in the total population | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Total population (N=49,148) | Cases (PYs)=7,175 (1,125,157) | Cases (PYs)=915 (1,131,169) | ||||
| Urban | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.67 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.94 |
| Nonurban | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.06 (0.80, 1.39) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.37) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Baseline LAN in those who reported a home address | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| dNonmovers (N=15,132) | Cases (PYs)=2,348 (326, 942) | Cases (PYs)= 359 (328,813) | ||||
| Urban | 1.04 (0.98, 1.10) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.91 | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.80 |
| Nonurban | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | 0.73 (0.38, 1.40) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.43) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Stratified by neighborhood SES at the median | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Cumulative LAN in the total population | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Total population (N=49,148) | Cases (PYs)= 7,175 (1,125,157) | Cases (PYs)= 915 (1,131,169) | ||||
| Low | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.32 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.21) | 0.66 |
| High | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | ||
|
| ||||||
| Baseline LAN in those who reported a home address | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| dNonmovers (N=15,132) | Cases (PYs)= 2,348 (326, 942) | Cases (PYs)= 359 (328,813) | ||||
| Low | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 0.53 | 0.85 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.69 (0.48, 1.01) | 0.27 |
| High | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.19) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.31) | ||
Adjusted for age and calendar time
Adjusted for age, calendar time, race, PSA screening, family history of prostate cancer, height, neighborhood SES
Adjusted for age, calendar time, race, PSA screening, family history of prostate cancer, height, population density, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking
Men who reported having a home address in 1988 and did not move over follow-up
Reported a PSA test in less than 50% of questionnaires in prior time periods
Reported a PSA test in 50% or more of questionnaires in prior time periods