Table 1.
Characteristics of Medicare Beneficiaries with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction, 2015–2019
| Characteristics | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n | 180386 | 157058 | 149325 | 147782 | 147506 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 76.7 (7.1) | 76.7 (7.0) | 76.6 (7.1) | 76.6 (7.1) | 76.5 (7.0) |
| Male, % | 73.3 | 73.0 | 72.9 | 73.3 | 74.3 |
| Race, % | |||||
| White | 85.1 | 84.1 | 83.6 | 83.8 | 84.0 |
| Black | 9.9 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.0 |
| Other | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.1 |
| Dual eligibility, % | 19.4 | 19.5 | 19.4 | 18.5 | 17.7 |
| Gagne comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.8) | 5.7 (2.9) | 6.1 (3.1) | 6.2 (3.1) | 6.2 (3.1) |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, % | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 54.2 | 55.6 | 55.7 | 55.7 | 55.8 |
| Myocardial infarction | 21.1 | 21.1 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 20.5 |
| Hypertension | 97.0 | 97.4 | 97.4 | 97.3 | 97.1 |
| Stroke or transient ischemic attack | 23.4 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 23.2 | 22.6 |
| Non-cardiovascular comorbidities, % | |||||
| ADRD | 15.2 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 17.1 | 16.9 |
| Anemia | 70.6 | 72.1 | 71.7 | 71.1 | 70.3 |
| Cancer | 19.0 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 19.0 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 54.5 | 60.3 | 65.7 | 67.7 | 68.5 |
| COPD | 47.7 | 48.6 | 48.2 | 47.2 | 46.1 |
| Depression | 33.2 | 34.7 | 35.8 | 36.4 | 36.8 |
| Diabetes | 57.3 | 63.1 | 64.2 | 63.2 | 62.2 |
| Frailty | 47.2 | 49.1 | 43.6 | 43.3 | 42.6 |
| Hip or pelvic fracture | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 |
| Osteoporosis | 14.3 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.0 | 13.8 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis | 60.7 | 62.2 | 63.5 | 64.3 | 64.8 |
Abbreviations: ADRD, Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD, standard deviation.