Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Jun 22;71(10):3110–3121. doi: 10.1111/jgs.18481

Table 4.

Use of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy and Rate of Death or Heart Failure Hospitalization Over 4 Years

GDMT
Usea 		Sample Size Outcome: Death or HF hospitalization
 Outcome: Death
No of Events Rate (per 100 PY) Adjusted HR
(95% CI)		 No of Events Rate (per 100 PY) Adjusted HR
(95% CI)
Total Population
0 classes 5970 2933 22.8 Reference 2727 20.1 Reference
1 class 30028 15034 22.3 0.94 (0.91, 0.97)b 13771 19.3 0.94 (0.91, 0.97)b
2 classes 78302 34686 18.3 0.92 (0.89, 0.94)b 30278 14.9 0.89 (0.86, 0.91)b
3 classes 32699 14976 18.9 0.94 (0.91, 0.97)b 12649 14.7 0.88 (0.86, 0.91)b
Frail
0 classes 3324 1927 29.4 Reference 1824 26.3 Reference
1 class 16896 9867 28.4 0.95 (0.91, 0.99)c 9269 25.2 0.95 (0.91, 0.99)c
2 classes 37213 20138 24.7 0.92 (0.89, 0.96)c 18176 20.6 0.89 (0.85, 0.92)c
3 classes 15002 8270 25.3 0.95 (0.91, 0.99)c 7217 19.9 0.89 (0.85, 0.92)c
Non-Frail
0 classes 2646 1006 15.9 Reference 903 13.6 Reference
1 class 13132 5167 15.8 0.93 (0.89. 0.98)c 4502 13.0 0.92 (0.88, 0.97)c
2 classes 41089 14548 13.4 0.91 (0.87, 0.95)c 12102 10.5 0.89 (0.85, 0.93)c
3 classes 17697 6706 14.5 0.92 (0.88, 0.96)c 5432 10.9 0.88 (0.84, 0.92)c

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; GDMT, guideline-directed medical therapy; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years.

a

GDMT use is defined as filling a prescription for the following 3 drug classes between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015: 1) an ARNI, ACE inhibitor, or ARB; 2) an evidence-based beta-blocker; or 3) a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.

b

The model was adjusted for age, sex, race, dual eligibility, Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, anemia, atrial fibrillation, cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes, hip or pelvic fracture, hypertension, myocardial infarction, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, and stroke or transient ischemic attack, Gagne combined comorbidity index, frailty, cardiology visit within the past 30 days, ≥2 heart failure hospitalizations within the past year, and heart failure hospitalization within the past 30 days.

c

The model was adjusted for all above variables except for frailty.