Table 1.

Patient and hospital characteristics of overall cohort (weighted N=6,694,081)

Age, years	Weighted N	% (mean ± SE)
<18	17,097	0.3±0.01
18–44	254,399	3.8±0.03
45–64	1,606,396	24.0±0.09
65–84	3,379,649	50.5±0.07
≥85	1,436,540	21.5±0.07
Sex
Women	3,606,177	53.9±0.06
Men	3,086,823	46.1±0.06
Missing	1,081	0.02±0
Race/ethnicity
White	3,942,986	58.9 ±0.4
Black	971,841	14.5±0.2
Hispanic	441,458	6.6±0.2
Asian/Pacific islander	149,256	2.2±0.06
Native American	22,736	0.3±0.02
Other	138,349	2.1±0.08
Missing	1,027,454	15.4±0.4
Comorbidities
Hypertension	4,107,033	61.4±0.08
Diabetes	1,783,535	26.6±0.07
Dyslipidemia	2,740,402	40.9±0.2
Coronary artery disease	1,601,515	23.9±0.08
Atrial fibrillation	1,501,288	22.4±0.07
Congestive heart failure	1,043,455	15.6±0.06
Peripheral artery disease	60,065	0.9±0.01
Obesity	451,209	6.7±0.04
Smoking	575,040	8.6±0.07
Alcohol abuse	150,854	2.3±0.02
Charlson Comorbidity Index
0	5,160,840	77.1±0.06
1	1,013,298	15.1±0.05
2	361,693	5.4±0.03
3+	158,250	2.4±0.02
Risk of Mortality Subclass
Minor	1,619,730	24.2±0.09
Moderate	2,845,438	42.5±0.1
Major	1,365,900	20.4±0.06
Extreme	814,571	12.2±0.06
Missing	47,737	0.7±0.1
Insurance
Medicare	4,702,599	70.3±0.1
Medicaid	451,058	6.7±0.07
Private (including HMO)	1,122,618	16.8±0.1
Self-Pay	257,539	3.9±0.05
No Charge	25,637	0.4±0.02
Other Pay	124,216	1.9±0.04
Missing	10,414	0.2±0.01
Household income
<$45,000	1,835,301	27.4±0.3
$45–60,000	1,681,387	25.1±0.2
$60–80,000	1,570,078	23.5±0.2
>$80,000	1,464,540	21.9±0.3
Missing	142,775	2.1±0.05
Hospital Location/Teaching Status
Rural	870,369	13.0±0.2
Urban Non-Teaching	2,844,987	42.5±0.3
Urban Teaching	2,953,365	44.1±0.4
Geographic Region
Northeast	1,237,316	18.5±0.3
Midwest	1,472,593	22.0±0.3
South	2,745,210	41.0±0.4
West	1,238,961	18.5±0.3

SE: Standard error

HMO: Health Maintenance Organization