. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 23.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023 Jan 12;20(3):192–206. doi: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2

Table 3 ∣.

Approaches to study interactions between human immune components and human tumours

Tumour model	Implanted/engrafted human components		Comments
Tumour model	Tumour	Immune system	Advantages	Disadvantages
Allograft	HLA mismatched with immune system: PDX and CDX	PBMCs, HSPCs, and human fetal liver CD34⁺ HSPCs and autologous fetal thymus tissue	Enable studies of immune regulatory properties of the tumour microenvironment Abundance of immune cells and HSPCs Enable modelling graft versus tumour response	Immune system allogeneic to tumour No HLA-restricted tumour antigen-specific T cell responses
Autograft	Autologous to immune system: PDX	PBMCs, HSPCs expanded from PBMCs following mobilization with G(M)-CSF or bone marrow samples, and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes	Immune system autologous to tumour Potential for HLA-restricted tumour antigen-specific T cells	Require generation of PDX Limited availability of immune cells and HSPCs from patients With HSPC engraftment, development of HLA-restricted T cells will be limited

CDX, cell line-derived xenograft; G(M)-CSF, G-CSF and/or GM-CSF; HSPCs, haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PDX, patient-derived xenograft.