Figure 3. Itaconate impedes aspartate and serine/glycine biosynthesis in CD8⁺ T cells.

A Levels of various TCA related metabolites in CD8⁺ T cells exposed to exogenous itaconate (ITA, 5 mM) or NaCl (Ctrl, 5 mM), as revealed by metabolite profiling analyses (n=3 biologically independent samples). B Incorporation of ¹³C to Aspartate from [U-¹³C]-glutamine in CD8⁺ T cells exposed to exogenous itaconate or NaCl (Ctrl) (n=4 biologically independent samples). C Levels of serine and glycine in CD8⁺ T cells exposed to exogenous itaconate (ITA) or NaCl (Ctrl), as revealed by metabolite profiling analyses (n=3 biologically independent samples). D Incorporation of ¹⁵N into phosphoserine, serine, and glycine from [U-¹⁵N]-glutamine in CD8⁺ T cells exposed to exogenous itaconate or NaCl (Ctrl) (n=3 biologically independent samples). E Incorporation of ¹³C into serine and glycine from [U-¹³C]-glucose in CD8⁺ T cells exposed to exogenous itaconate or NaCl (Ctrl) (n=4 biologically independent samples). F Effects of aspartate (Asp) and serine (Ser) supplementation on the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells treated with exogenous itaconate (3 mM), as measured by CFSE dilution (at least three independent experiments for each group). For all panels, p values were calculated by paired two- tailed t-tests. Data are represented as mean ± SEM.