Table 1.
Summary of the mechanisms of DC activation by natural polysaccharides.
| Name | Phenotypic maturation | Membrane target | Downstream signalling | T cell activation | Cytokine production | Anti-tumor effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| POL-P3b | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-II | TLR4 | NF-κB | ↑proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ | ↑IFN-γ, IL-12p70, TNF-α, and IL-4 | POL-P3b-treated DC vaccine can improve tumor inhibition rate and inhibit lung metastasis | (78) |
| APS | ↑CD206, CD80, CD86 | Not tested | NF-κB | ↑proliferation of CD45+CD8+ T cells | Not tested | APS suppressed tumorigenicity and metastasis in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, and potentiated anticancer effect of cisplatin In vivo | (79) |
| LNT | ↑CD86 | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested | ↑IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 | The survival period of Colon-26-bearing mice treated with S-1 + LNT was significantly more prolonged than that of mice treated with S-1 alone | (80) |
| GLP | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-II | TLR4 | Not tested | ↑proliferation of CD4+/CD44+ memory T cells | ↑mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ | GLP exhibited strong inhibitory effects on 4T1 tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis when combined with doxorubicin | (81) |
| NGP | ↑CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, MHC-II | Not tested | Not tested | ↑proliferation of T cells | ↑IL-12p70, TNF-α | Not tested | (82) |
| APS-AuNP | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-II | Not tested | Not tested | ↑proliferation of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells | ↑IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | The inhibitory rate of APS-AuNP against 4T1 primary tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in mice was higher than paclitaxel-treated group | (83) |
| POL-P3b | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, MHC-II | TLR4 | PI3K/AKT (↑phosphorylation of AKT) | Not tested | Not tested | The tumor weight of U14-bearing mice in the POL-P3b group was significantly lower than that of the model group | (84) |
| Angelan | ↑MHC-I, MHC-II, CD80, CD86 | Not tested | MAPK (↑ phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38); NF-κB (↑nuclear translocation of p50, p65, RelB, and c-Rel) |
Not tested | ↑IL-12, CCL19, CXCL12 | Angelan-treated mature DC more effectively inhibited B16F10 tumor growth than immature DCs in syngenic murine tumor model | (85) |
| AC hmwPS | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, MHC-II | TLR2 and TLR4 | MAPK (↑ phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38); NF-κB (↑nuclear translocation of p65) |
↑proliferation of CD8+ T cells; ↑Th1 differentiation |
↑TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 | In a mouse tumor model, AC hmwPSs enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of the HER-2/neu DNA vaccine by facilitating specific Th1 responses | (86) |
| YM-2A | ↑CD80, CD86 | Dectin-1 | Dectin-1-dependent pathway | ↑proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | ↑IFN-γ | YM-2A-treated TAA-loaded DC vaccine significantly reduced tumor growth and improved survival in two murine tumor models, CT-26 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice and B16 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice | (87) |
| LBP | ↑CD80, CD86 | Not tested | ↑expression of Notch, Jagged, Hes1, and Hes5 | ↑proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells | ↑IL-12; ↓IL-10, TGF-β |
Administration of LBP Strengthened the Cytotoxicity of DC-Mediated CTLs on Colon Cancer Cell CT26-WT | (88) |
| PLP | ↑CD80, CD86, MHC-II | Not tested | Not tested | ↑proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells | ↑IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 | TAXOL+PLP significantly inhibited 4T1 tumor growth, compared with the control group and TAXOL group | (89) |
| RGP | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I, MHC-II | TLR4 | Not tested | ↑proportion of OT-I and OT-II T cells | ↑IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α | The combination of RGP and Ag effectively inhibited the growth of CT57 tumors and B6 melanoma in BLAB/c and C26BL/16 mice | (90) |
| GLP | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II | Not tested | Not tested | ↑proportion of CD3+CD8+ T cells | ↑IL-10 and IL-12p70 | GLP significantly reduced the tumor volume of glioma-bearing rats to 101.93 ± 53.58 mm3 and 113.56 ± 39.76 mm3, compared to 162.99 ± 48.34 mm3 in the control group | (91) |
| PS-F2 | ↑CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II | Not tested | Not tested | ↑Th1 differentiation | ↑TNF-α, IL-12/IL-23 p40, IL-6, and IL-10 |
Mice immunized with PS-F2 and OVA were almost completely protected from MO5 tumor challenge | (92) |
↑, increases; ↓, decreases.