Table 1.
Comparison of patient, hospital and outcome characteristics across different DBS-cohorts.
| PD | ET | Dystonia | PD-DBS | ET-DBS | Dystonia-DBS | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 76.57 ± 9.74 n = 752,225 |
72.87 ± 12.79 n = 172,480 |
55.36 ± 22.59 n = 73,005 |
65.11 ± 8.93 n = 8655 |
67.57 ± 10.61 n = 3690 |
53.68 ± 18.95 n = 1270 |
<0.001; Post-hoc PD-ET∗∗∗ PD-Dystonia∗∗∗ ET-Dystonia∗∗∗ |
| Female n (%) | 314,700 (41.8) n = 752,040 |
93,560 (54.3) n = 172,430 |
43,405 (59.4) n = 73,060 |
2640 (30.5)∗∗∗n = 8650 | 1645 (44.6)∗∗∗n = 3685 | 700 (55.1)∗∗∗n = 1270 | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | n = 726,835 | n = 164,760 | n = 69,520 | n = 8260 | n = 3420 | n = 1175 | <0.001 |
| White | 582,185 (80.1) | 148,520 (90.1) | 49,270 (70.9) | 7020 (85.0)∗∗∗ | 3220 (94.2)∗∗∗ | 1010 (86.0) | |
| African American | 50,735 (7.0) | 6590 (4.0) | 10,855 (15.6) | 145 (1.8) | 45 (1.3) | 20 (1.7) | |
| Hispanic | 55,790 (7.7) | 5440 (3.3) | 5845 (8.4) | 565 (6.8)∗∗ | 75 (2.2)∗∗∗ | 80 (6.8) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 17,900 (2.5) | 1365 (0.8) | 1330 (1.9) | 215 (2.6)∗ | 25 (0.7) | 15 (1.3) | |
| Native American | 2515 (0.3) | 405 (0.2) | 420 (0.6) | 35 (0.4) | 0 | 5 (0.4) | |
| Other | 17,710 (2.4) | 2440 (1.5) | 1800 (2.6) | 280 (3.4) | 55 (1.6) | 45 (3.8) | |
| Median household income for patient's zip code, n (%) | n = 741,145 | n = 170,130 | n = 71,510 | n = 8480 | n = 3625 | n = 1240 | <0.001 |
| Quartile 1: 1–47,999$ | 193,165 (26.1) | 37,225 (21.9) | 22,030 (30.8) | 1370 (16.2) | 780 (21.5)∗∗ | 180 (14.5) | |
| Quartile 2: 48,000–60,999$ | 192,115 (25.9) | 46,945 (27.6) | 18,275 (25.6) | 2165 (25.5) | 1045 (28.8) | 365 (29.4) | |
| Quartile 3: 61,000–81,999$ | 183,315 (24.7) | 45,900 (27.0) | 16,840 (23.5) | 2295 (27.1) | 1010 (27.9) | 305 (24.6) | |
| Quartile 4: 82,000+ $ | 172,550 (23.3) | 40,060 (23.5) | 14,365 (20.1) | 2650 (31.2)∗∗ | 790 (21.8)∗∗∗ | 390 (31.5) | |
| Primary expected payer, n (%) | n = 751,545 | n = 172,235 | n = 72,985 | n = 8650 | n = 3675 | n = 1270 | <0.001 |
| Medicare | 656,080 (87.3) | 135,945 (78.9) | 40,920 (56.1) | 5565 (64.3) | 2610 (71.0)∗∗∗ | 610 (48.0)∗∗∗ | |
| Medicaid | 23,965 (3.2) | 7715 (4.5) | 14,465 (19.8) | 195 (2.3)∗∗∗ | 115 (3.1) | 125 (9.8)∗∗∗ | |
| Private insurance | 55,770 (7.4) | 23,990 (13.9) | 14,015 (19.2) | 2555 (29.5) | 785 (21.4)∗∗∗ | 510 (40.2)∗∗∗ | |
| Self-pay | 3655 (0.5) | 1635 (0.9) | 1500 (2.1) | 50 (0.6) | 15 (0.4) | 0 | |
| No charge | 295 (0) | 140 (0.1) | 145 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Other | 11,780 (1.6) | 2810 (1.6) | 1940 (2.7) | 285 (3.3) | 150 (4.1) | 25 (2.0) | |
| Patient location: NCHS urban-rural code, n (%) | n = 750,680 | n = 172,065 | n = 72,535 | n = 8605 | n = 3685 | n = 1260 | <0.001 |
| "Central" counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population | 209,930 (28.0) | 41,235 (24.0) | 22,215 (30.6) | 2310 (26.8)∗ | 730 (19.8)∗∗ | 320 (25.4) | |
| "Fringe" counties of metro areas of ≥1 million population | 193,460 (25.8) | 43,850 (25.5) | 16,815 (23.2) | 2260 (26.3) | 820 (22.3) | 325 (25.8) | |
| Counties in metro areas of 250,000–999,999 population | 146,825 (19.6) | 37,075 (21.5) | 15,755 (21.7) | 1785 (20.7) | 855 (23.2) | 245 (19.4) | |
| Counties in metro areas of 50,000–249,999 population | 72,545 (9.7) | 19,805 (11.5) | 6900 (9.5) | 910 (10.6) | 470 (12.8) | 185 (14.7) | |
| Micropolitan counties | 72,305 (9.6) | 17,400 (10.1) | 6260 (8.6) | 790 (9.2) | 485 (13.2)∗ | 80 (6.3) | |
| Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties | 55,615 (7.4) | 12,700 (7.4) | 4590 (6.3) | 550 (6.4) | 325 (8.8) | 105 (8.3) | |
| Census division of hospital, n (%) | n = 752,245 | n = 172,485 | n = 73,080 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | <0.001 |
| New England | 37,255 (5.0) | 8760 (5.1) | 4265 (5.8) | 280 (3.2) | 90 (2.4) | 70 (5.5) | |
| Middle Atlantic | 116,560 (15.5) | 19,495 (11.3) | 9370 (12.8) | 1245 (14.4)∗∗ | 345 (9.3)∗ | 125 (9.8) | |
| East North Central | 124,705 (16.6) | 33,180 (19.2) | 12,180 (16.7) | 1160 (13.4) | 515 (14.0) | 125 (9.8) | |
| West North Central | 52,795 (7.0) | 17,660 (10.2) | 6465 (8.8) | 775 (9.0) | 450 (12.2) | 180 (14.2) | |
| South Atlantic | 150,460 (20.0) | 33,080 (19.2) | 15,100 (20.7) | 1500 (17.3) | 670 (18.2) | 280 (22.0) | |
| East South Central | 50,460 (6.7) | 9840 (5.7) | 4240 (5.8) | 375 (4.3) | 210 (5.7) | 85 (6.7) | |
| West South Central | 81,680 (10.9) | 13,780 (8.0) | 7210 (9.9) | 915 (10.6) | 425 (11.5) | 100 (7.9) | |
| Mountain | 39,095 (5.2) | 12,440 (7.2) | 4765 (6.5) | 855 (9.9) | 460 (12.5) | 95 (7.5) | |
| Pacific | 99,235 (13.2) | 24,250 (14.1) | 9485 (13.0) | 1550 (17.9) | 525 (14.2) | 210 (16.5) | |
| Bed size of hospital, n (%) | n = 752,245 | n = 172,485 | n = 73,080 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | 0.3 |
| Small | 158,775 (21.1) | 34,025 (19.7) | 13,345 (18.3) | 325 (3.8) | 140 (3.8) | 55 (4.3) | |
| Medium | 225,320 (30.0) | 47,450 (27.5) | 19,970 (27.3) | 1285 (14.8) | 675 (18.3) | 200 (15.7) | |
| Large | 368,150 (48.9) | 91,010 (52.8) | 39,765 (54.4) | 7045 (81.4) | 2875 (77.9) | 1015 (79.9) | |
| Location/teaching status of hospital, n (%) | n = 752,245 | n = 172,485 | n = 73,080 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | 0.09 |
| Rural | 84,025 (11.2) | 17,475 (10.1) | 5815 (8.0) | 45 (0.5) | 25 (0.7) | 0 | |
| Urban nonteaching | 209,235 (27.8) | 42,385 (24.6) | 14,870 (20.3) | 355 (4.1) | 170 (4.6) | 15 (1.2) | |
| Urban teaching | 458,985 (61.0) | 112,625 (65.3) | 52,395 (71.7) | 8255 (95.4) | 3495 (94.7) | 1255 (98.8) | |
| Control/ownership of hospital, n (%) | n = 752,245 | n = 172,485 | n = 73,080 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | 0.28 |
| Government, non-federal | 75,255 (10.0) | 16,895 (9.8) | 9085 (12.4) | 1275 (14.7) | 570 (15.4) | 140 (11.0) | |
| Private, not-for-profit | 557,420 (74.1) | 137,685 (79.8) | 54,970 (75.2) | 6925 (80.0) | 2965 (80.4) | 1080 (85.0) | |
| Private, investor-owned | 119,570 (15.9) | 17,905 (10.4) | 9025 (12.3) | 455 (5.3) | 155 (4.2) | 50 (3.9) | |
| All patient refined DRG: risk of mortality subclass, n (%) | n = 752,135 | n = 172,470 | n = 72,995 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | <0.001 |
| Minor likelihood of dying | 81,150 (10.8) | 46,000 (26.7) | 29,350 (40.2) | 7575 (87.5)∗∗ | 2965 (80.4)∗∗∗ | 1120 (88.2) | |
| Moderate likelihood of dying | 293,125 (39.0) | 61,105 (35.4) | 21,565 (29.5) | 895 (10.3)∗ | 605 (16.4)∗∗∗ | 120 (9.4) | |
| Major likelihood of dying | 278,675 (37.0) | 50,200 (29.1) | 15,750 (21.6) | 115 (1.3) | 80 (2.2) | 25 (2.0) | |
| Extreme likelihood of dying | 99,185 (13.2) | 15,165 (8.8) | 6330 (8.7) | 70 (0.8) | 40 (1.1) | 5 (0.4) | |
| All patient refined DRG: severity of illness subclass, n (%) | n = 752,135 | n = 172,470 | n = 72,995 | n = 8655 | n = 3690 | n = 1270 | <0.001 |
| Minor loss of function (includes cases with no comorbidity or complications) | 49,790 (6.6) | 25,310 (14.7) | 7610 (10.4) | 6335 (73.2)∗∗∗ | 2330 (63.1)∗∗∗ | 805 (63.4) | |
| Moderate loss of function | 285,175 (37.9) | 68,805 (39.9) | 30,910 (42.3) | 2075 (24.0)∗∗∗ | 1200 (32.5)∗∗∗ | 380 (29.9) | |
| Major loss of function | 317,470 (42.2) | 62,900 (36.5) | 26,175 (35.8) | 200 (2.3) | 120 (3.3) | 65 (5.1) | |
| Extreme loss of function | 99,700 (13.3) | 15,455 (9.0) | 8300 (11.4) | 45 (0.5) | 40 (1.1) | 20 (1.6) | |
| Outcomes | |||||||
| Length of stay (days) | 5.80 ± 7.03 n = 752,120 |
5.15 ± 6.01 n = 172,470 |
8.42 ± 13.64 n = 73,075 |
1.69 ± 1.97 n = 8655 |
1.59 ± 1.81 n = 3690 |
2.54 ± 9.68 n = 1270 |
0.17 |
| Total charges (USD, 2015–2017) | 52,729 ± 69,215 n = 745,650 |
51,923 ± 64,255 n = 169,605 |
65,948 ± 139,356 n = 72,155 |
101,494 ± 72,268 n = 8500 |
94,212 ± 60,176 n = 3665 |
111,139 ± 154,242 n = 1265 |
0.02; Post-hoc NS |
| Inpatient mortality (%) | 26,420 (3.5) n = 750,985 |
2945 (1.7) n = 172,335 |
930 (1.3) n = 72,990 |
0 n = 8650 |
5 (0.1) n = 3685 |
0 n = 1270 |
0.26 |
| Disposition of patient, n (%) | n = 750,985 | n = 172,335 | n = 72,990 | n = 8650 | n = 3685 | n = 1270 | <0.01 |
| Routine | 201,010 (26.7) | 78,950 (45.8) | 38,080 (52.2) | 7330 (84.7)∗ | 3275 (88.9) | 1125 (88.6) | |
| Transfer to short-term hospital | 16,410 (2.2) | 3010 (1.7) | 1945 (2.7) | 0 | 0 | 5 (0.4)∗ | |
| Transfer other: includes skilled nursing facility (SNF), intermediate care facility (ICF), another type of facility | 352,440 (46.9) | 51,570 (29.9) | 20,820 (28.5) | 485 (5.6) | 195 (5.3) | 60 (4.7) | |
| Home health care (HHC) | 151,410 (20.1) | 34,905 (20.3) | 10,525 (14.4) | 835 (9.7)∗∗ | 210 (5.7)∗ | 80 (6.3) | |
| Against medical advice (AMA) | 3720 (0.5) | 935 (0.5) | 680 (0.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Died | 26,420 (3.5) | 2945 (1.7) | 930 (1.3) | 0 | 5 (0.1) | 0 | |
| Discharge alive, destination unknown | 205 (0) | 20 (0) | 10 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The columns labeled PD, ET, and dystonia represent the data of admissions for all patients diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD), Essential Tremor (ET), and dystonia, respectively. In contrast, the columns labeled PD-DBS, ET-DBS, and dystonia-DBS specifically indicate admissions within the specified disease cohorts that underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation procedures during the corresponding admission period.
The values in each cell represent the exact count and proportion of the specified characteristic within the given cohort, unless noted otherwise. “The total number of discharges” is presented as an exact count (n), while the “age”, “length of stay” and “total charges” are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Statistical analysis was only conducted among DBS cohorts to compare the proportion of the given characteristic in a specified cohort (i.e., the PD-DBS cohort) with the proportion of that characteristic in the entire patient population (i.e., all DBS-implanted patients).
The statistical significance of the results is indicated as follows: ∗∗∗ represents a P-value <0.001, ∗∗ represents a P-value <0.01, and ∗ represents a P-value <0.05.