Table 1. Baseline characteristics of HAP patients in the overall cohort.
| Variables | Total (N = 631) | Monotherapy (n = 345) | Combination therapy (n = 286) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 70.3 ± 12.8 | 69.8 ± 13.5 | 70.9 ± 11.7 | 0.266 | |
| Male | 438 (69.4) | 237 (68.7) | 201 (70.3) | 0.732 | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.0 ± 4.0 | 22.1 ± 3.9 | 21.9 ± 4.2 | 0.416 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 200 (31.7) | 109 (31.6) | 91 (31.8) | 1.000 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 161 (25.5) | 78 (22.6) | 83 (29.0) | 0.081 | |
| Chronic lung disease | 107 (17.0) | 54 (15.7) | 53 (18.5) | 0.394 | |
| Chronic neurological disease | 178 (28.2) | 109 (31.6) | 69 (24.1) | 0.047 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 85 (13.5) | 54 (15.7) | 31 (10.8) | 0.100 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 62 (9.8) | 36 (10.4) | 26 (9.1) | 0.667 | |
| Hematological malignancy | 35 (5.5) | 21 (6.1) | 14 (4.9) | 0.634 | |
| Solid malignant tumor | 220 (34.9) | 113 (32.8) | 107 (37.4) | 0.255 | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.5 | 0.795 | |
| Clinical Frailty Scale | 5.0 ± 2.1 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 0.010 | |
| Prior antibiotic use within 90 days | 442 (70.0) | 255 (73.9) | 187 (65.4) | 0.025 | |
| Late-onset HAP (≥ 5 days) | 572 (90.6) | 321 (93.0) | 251 (87.8) | 0.033 | |
| Location of diagnosis | 0.073 | ||||
| General ward | 467 (74.0) | 245 (71.0) | 222 (77.6) | ||
| Intensive care unit | 164 (26.0) | 100 (29.0) | 64 (22.4) | ||
| Risk of aspiration | 423 (67.0) | 243 (70.4) | 180 (62.9) | 0.056 | |
| VAP | 104 (16.5) | 68 (19.7) | 36 (12.6) | 0.022 | |
| Infection classification | < 0.001 | ||||
| Microbiologically documented | 248 (39.3) | 161 (46.7) | 87 (30.4) | ||
| Clinically documented | 383 (60.7) | 184 (53.3) | 199 (69.6) | ||
| SOFA score | 4.7 ± 3.7 | 4.9 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 3.4 | 0.137 | |
| Septic shock | 66 (10.5) | 43 (12.5) | 23 (8.0) | 0.094 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 96 (15.2) | 45 (13.0) | 51 (17.8) | 0.120 | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 26 (4.1) | 16 (4.6) | 10 (3.5) | 0.605 | |
| Interval between initiation of antibiotics and discharge | 29.9 ± 43.0 | 30.7 ± 48.8 | 28.8 ± 35.0 | 0.577 | |
| Combination with glycopeptides | 59 (9.4) | 43 (12.5) | 16 (5.6) | 0.005 | |
| Adjunctive steroid use | 111 (17.6) | 59 (17.1) | 52 (18.2) | 0.803 | |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
HAP = hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia, SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.