Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Oct 23;14:6604. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41907-1

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Confocal microscopy image of human fibroblast cells stained with Calcein AM and ethidium homodimer in Trpzip hydrogels (1% w/v, DMEM, pH 7) after 5 days in culture. The scale is 100 μm. b Quantified percentage of cell viability of fibroblasts cultured in Trpzip hydrogels compared to culture on glass (n = 5 gels). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. P-values calculated using two-tailed unpaired t-test. c Confocal microscopy image of fibroblasts cultured in Fmoc-GFF hydrogels (1% w/v) and Trpzip hydrogels (1% w/v) after seven days, without the use of RGD binding ligands. The scale bar is 50 μm. d Quantification of cell area (left) and cell aspect ratio (right) for fibroblasts cultured in Fmoc-GFF hydrogels (n = 3) and Trpzip hydrogels (n = 3) for seven days. Error bars show mean ± s.d. P-values calculated using two-way ANOVA. e Confocal microscopy image of HFFs cultured in Matrigel and Trpzip gels (no RGD) for 30 days. The scale bar is 100 μm. Data is representative of one independent experiment. f Deposition of endogenous collagen I by fibroblast cells after 14 days in culture in Trpzip hydrogels without RGD ligands. The scale bar is 100 μm. Data is representative of one independent experiment. g Viability of cells encapsulated in Trpzip hydrogels and then exposed to shear (n = 3 gels) compared to cells experiencing no shear seeded on glass (2D; n = 3 wells) or within Trpzip gels (3D; n = 3). Error bars show mean ± s.d. P-values calculated using one-way ANOVA. The scale is 100 μm. h Bioprinted constructs of cells in a Trpzip hydrogel support bath, either as droplets (left panel) or lines (right panel). The scale is 500 μm in optical images and 200 μm in immunofluorescence images. The measured average diameter of printed cellular droplets (n = 8) or lines (n = 4). Error bars show mean ± s.d. i Antibacterial activity of Trpzip hydrogels against both a gram positive (S. aureus) and a gram negative (E. coli) species, assessed using a bacterial growth inhibition assay. Photographs show agar plates used to count colony forming units (CFUs) per mL of each bacterial species after incubation with Trpzip gels for 24 h at 37 °C (n = 3 gels). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. P-values calculated using two-tailed unpaired t-test.