Table 3.
Prediction of trajectory membership based on resilience factors and sociodemographic data.
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychopathological symptoms | |||||||||
| Resilient (no symptoms) | vs. Chronic | vs. Moderate-stable | vs. Resilient (low symptoms) | ||||||
| Active coping | 1.59 | [1.18, 2.14] | 0.003 | 1.25 | [1.01, 1.55] | 0.041 | 1.18 | [0.98, 1.42] | 0.083 |
| Coping using emotional support | 1.61 | [1.22, 2.13] | 0.001 | 1.18 | [0.85, 1.37] | 0.098 | 1.06 | [0.89, 1.26] | 0.509 |
| Dispositional resilience | 0.92 | [0.87, 0.96] | <0.001 | 0.94 | [0.91, 0.98] | 0.004 | 0.94 | [0.91, 0.98] | 0.003 |
| Hardiness | 0.97 | [0.88, 1.08] | 0.576 | 0.95 | [0.88, 1.03] | 0.244 | 0.98 | [0.91, 1.05] | 0.494 |
| Locus of control | 0.88 | [0.62, 1.26] | 0.496 | 0.94 | [0.72, 1.25] | 0.684 | 0.76 | [0.59, 0.99] | 0.046 |
| Optimism | 1.07 | [0.68, 1.70] | 0.766 | 0.84 | [0.60, 1.17] | 0.289 | 0.81 | [0.59, 1.12] | 0.201 |
| Positive reframing | 1.40 | [1.07, 1.83] | 0.003 | 1.19 | [0.98, 1.45] | 0.072 | 1.14 | [0.98, 1.33] | 0.089 |
| Self-efficacy | 1.06 | [0.80, 1.41] | 0.696 | 1.08 | [0.85, 1.37] | 0.523 | 1.17 | [0.93, 1.47] | 0.192 |
| Sense of coherence | 0.60 | [0.53, 0.68] | <0.001 | 0.76 | [0.70, 0.82] | <0.001 | 0.89 | [0.82, 0.96] | 0.004 |
| Sense of mastery | 0.98 | [0.92, 1.16] | 0.786 | 0.91 | [0.83, 1.00] | 0.038 | 0.96 | [0.88, 1.05] | 0.388 |
| Social support | 0.87 | [0.79, 0.95] | 0.003 | 0.94 | [0.88, 1.01] | 0.109 | 1.00 | [0.93, 1.08] | 0.976 |
| Age | 1.03 | [1.00, 1.06] | 0.040 | 1.04 | [1.02, 1.07] | <0.001 | 1.03 | [1.01, 1.05] | 0.014 |
| Gender | 0.94 | [0.43, 2.04] | 0.874 | 0.74 | [0.41, 1.33] | 0.312 | 0.68 | [0.39, 1.18] | 0.168 |
| Educational level | 0.85 | [0.60, 1.22] | 0.375 | 1.05 | [0.80, 1.39] | 0.708 | 1.09 | [0.84, 1.41] | 0.526 |
| COVID-19-related rumination | |||||||||
| Resilient (no rumination) | vs. Chronic | vs. Moderate-stable | vs. Resilient (low rumination) | ||||||
| Active coping | 0.86 | [0.71, 1.04] | 0.123 | 0.99 | [0.83, 1.19] | 0.916 | 0.97 | [0.77, 1.23] | 0.809 |
| Coping using emotional support | 1.44 | [1.16, 1.78] | 0.001 | 1.26 | [1.03, 1.53] | 0.023 | 1.24 | [0.97, 1.59] | 0.088 |
| Dispositional resilience | 0.95 | [0.91, 1.00] | 0.041 | 0.96 | [0.92, 1.00] | 0.052 | 0.97 | [0.92, 1.03] | 0.356 |
| Hardiness | 1.03 | [0.96, 1.10] | 0.441 | 0.99 | [0.93, 1.06] | 0.868 | 0.99 | [0.91, 1.09] | 0.871 |
| Locus of control | 1.41 | [1.12, 1.77] | 0.004 | 1.02 | [0.81, 1.27] | 0.883 | 1.20 | [0.88, 1.62] | 0.245 |
| Optimism | 1.24 | [0.96, 1.59] | 0.098 | 1.13 | [0.89, 1.43] | 0.324 | 1.20 | [0.87, 1.64] | 0.262 |
| Positive reframing | 1.32 | [1.11, 1.56] | 0.002 | 1.11 | [0.93, 1.31] | 0.245 | 1.24 | [1.00, 1.53] | 0.052 |
| Self-efficacy | 1.01 | [0.85, 1.21] | 0.879 | 1.03 | [0.86, 1.23] | 0.747 | 1.10 | [0.87, 1.38] | 0.432 |
| Sense of coherence | 0.89 | [0.84, 0.94] | <0.001 | 0.97 | [0.92, 1.02] | 0.202 | 0.99 | [0.91, 1.07] | 0.733 |
| Sense of mastery | 0.97 | [0.87, 1.08] | 0.589 | 1.08 | [0.97, 1.20] | 0.169 | 1.02 | [0.89, 1.17] | 0.782 |
| Social support | 0.95 | [0.89, 1.01] | 0.097 | 1.03 | [0.97, 1.09] | 0.306 | 0.97 | [0.91, 1.05] | 0.494 |
| Age | 1.03 | [1.01, 1.06] | 0.006 | 1.03 | [1.00, 1.05] | 0.024 | 1.01 | [0.98, 1.04] | 0.547 |
| Gender | 0.62 | [0.35, 1.11] | 0.110 | 0.65 | [0.96, 1.49] | 0.131 | 0.80 | [0.38, 1.68] | 0.561 |
| Educational level | 1.11 | [0.88, 1.40] | 0.397 | 1.20 | [0.96, 1.49] | 0.113 | 1.35 | [1.00, 1.84] | 0.054 |
| Stress-related growth | |||||||||
| Stable | vs. Instable-increasing | ||||||||
| Active coping | 1.01 | [0.83, 1.23] | 0.921 | ||||||
| Coping using emotional support | 1.02 | [0.86, 1.21] | 0.881 | ||||||
| Dispositional resilience | 1.02 | [0.99, 1.06] | 0.154 | ||||||
| Hardiness | 1.00 | [0.93, 1.06] | 0.908 | ||||||
| Locus of control | 1.12 | [0.86. 1.47] | 0.393 | ||||||
| Optimism | 1.49 | [1.14, 1.94] | 0.004 | ||||||
| Positive reframing | 1.04 | [0.88, 1.23] | 0.670 | ||||||
| Self-efficacy | 0.91 | [0.76, 1.09] | 0.308 | ||||||
| Sense of coherence | 0.97 | [0.93, 1.01] | 0.111 | ||||||
| Sense of mastery | 1.06 | [0.96, 1.17] | 0.271 | ||||||
| Social support | 1.01 | [0.95, 1.07] | 0.816 | ||||||
| Age | 0.98 | [0.96, 1.00] | 0.057 | ||||||
| Gender | 1.31 | [0.81, 2.10] | 0.270 | ||||||
| Educational level | 0.82 | [0.66, 1.01] | 0.058 | ||||||
Results of the multinomial logistic regression analyses. Resilience trajectories (no symptoms) are used as reference class for psychopathological symptoms and COVID-19-related rumination. Stable trajectories are used as reference class for stress-related growth. Estimates take into account the uncertainty in class assignment. Significant estimates are highlighted in bold.
OR odds ratio.