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. 2023 Oct 23;14:6712. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42288-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Strategy for dual calcium recordings with fiber photometry of direct pathway striatal projection neuron (dSPN) terminals in the globus pallidus externus (GPe) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) arising from neurons in the dorsomedial section of the dorsal striatum (dStr) using the calcium indicator jGCaMP7s. B jGCaMP7s (red) colocalizes with the GABA presynaptic marker VGAT (blue) in the GPe and SNr, appearing pink (white arrows). Optic fibers target GPe and SNr jGCaMP7s+ regions. C Mice are video-recorded in the open field and body positions obtained with DeepLabCut. D Left: Representative body trajectory. Middle: Representative trace of mouse speed over time (raw data: gray; smoothed in 2 s bins: blue), showing the onset (green) and offset (orange circle) of motor bouts. Right: dSPN GPe and SNr calcium signals (Zscore of the normalized fluorescence, i.e., deltaF/F; dFF) closely track mouse speed. E Average data aligned to the onset and offset of individual motor bouts. GPe and SNr dFF show increases at movement onset and decreases at movement offset. F Body speed (two-sided paired t-test ***p < 0.001) and GPe/SNr dFF (ANOVA: main effect: ***p < 0.001) significantly increase at movement onset vs. offset. G GPe (r = 0.56) and SNr (r = 0.51) dFF significantly correlate with mouse speed when compared to phase-shuffled data (N = 1000 iterations) (two-sided Mann–Whitney GPe ***p = 0.001, SNr ***p = 0.001). Real data: black dots show individual mice; shuffle data: colored dots show individual shuffled data. H GPe and SNr dFF are highly correlated with each other (Pearson r = 0.78) vs. phase-shuffled data (N = 1000 iterations) (two-sided Mann–Whitney ***p = 0.001). Real data: black dots show individual mice; shuffle data: black dots show individual shuffled data. N = 8 mice for all panels. Exact p-values are given in Supplementary Dataset S2. Data are mean ± SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.