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. 2023 Oct 23;14:6712. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42288-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A Globus pallidus externus (GPe) and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) direct pathway striatal projection neuron (dSPN) axonal recordings using the calcium indicator jGCaMP7s. Mice are video-recorded in the rotarod set at constant speeds. Body part positions are obtained with DeepLabCut. B Representative trace of GPe/SNr zscored normalized fluorescence, i.e., deltaF/F (dFF), with zoom-in view (left inlet). IPI: interpeak interval. C Average GPe/SNr dFF traces at increasing speeds (left) and heatmaps of all individual trials at 5 rounds per minute (rpm) (3/animal) (right) showing sustained activity across the running epoch. Only the first/last 30 s of the rotarod epoch is shown (cut-off = dashed lines). D Representative trace of mouse lower body position on the Y axis during running, showing the onset (green) and offset (black circle) of jumping bouts. dSPN GPe and SNr dFF closely track lower body Y trajectory. Dashed lines show lower (0 cm) and upper (3 cm) bounds of the rotarod. E Left: Probability distributions of jump IPIs. Maximal probability (vertical bar) is reached at smaller IPIs as the rotarod speed increases. Right: Jump IPI averaged per animal significantly decreases as the rotarod speed increases (ANOVA: speed: p < 0.01; Tukey post-hocs: *p < 0.05 or **<0.01). F Average data aligned to the onset of individual jump bouts during running. GPe and SNr dFF increases at jump onset, showing shorter and smaller transients with increasing rotarod speed. G Duration of jumping bouts (peak-to-peak) and duration of GPe/SNr dFF transients (peak-to-peak) significantly decrease with rotarod speed (all: ANOVA: speed: p < 0.01, Tukey post-hocs: *p < 0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001). H Duration of individual jumping bouts significantly correlate with duration of individual GPe/SNr dFF transients (Pearson r, all p < 0.001: duration: GPe: r = 0.75; SNr: r = 0.67). I Pearson correlation between GPe and SNr activity decreases in a task-dependent manner between rest (pre/post: r = 0.90) and running (r = 0.70) (ANOVA: epoch: p < 0.01, post-hoc: **p < 0.01). N = 7 mice for all experiments. Data are mean ± SEM. Exact p-values are given in Supplementary Dataset S2. See also Supplementary Figs. S4, S5. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.