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. 2023 Oct 23;14:6712. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-42288-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — A Optogenetic stimulation of globus pallidus externus (GPe) Npas1+ neurons using the optogenetic activator ChR2 B Optic fibers target Npas1 ChR2-YFP+ neurons in the GPe. C Left: 10 trials optogenetic stimulation during open field locomotion. Right: 20 Hz stimulation of Npas1 neurons significantly reduces mouse speed (ANOVA: virus x epoch p < 0.01; Sidak post-hocs ChR2 **p < 0.01, ***<0.001, GFP p > 0.9), N = 12 ChR2, 13 YFP. D Left: Optogenetic stimulation (20 Hz) during rotarod trials at accelerating speed. Right: Stimulation of Npas1 neurons significantly reduces latency to fall (ANOVA: virus x laser p < 0.05; Sidak post-hocs: ChR2 **p < 0.01, GFP p = 0.97), N = 8 ChR2, 9 YFP. E Optogenetic stimulation of GPe choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ cholinergic neurons. F Optic fibers target ChAT ChR2-YFP+ neurons in the caudal GPe. G Neither 10 Hz (ANOVA: virus x epoch p = 0.11) or 20 Hz (p = 0.06) ChAT stimulation affects mouse speed, N = 8 ChR2, 8 YFP. H 20 Hz stimulation of ChAT neurons does not affect latency to fall in the rotarod (ANOVA: virus x laser p = 0.63), N = 8 ChR2, 8 YFP. Data are mean ± SEM. Exact p-values are given in Supplementary Dataset S2. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.