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Gpr88 deletion increased motivation toward a palatable reward at progressive ratio schedules of (A) 4 (determined by Mann-Whitney test, U = 107.5; p = .0012) and (B) 8 (determined by unpaired t test, t42 = 2.411; p = .0204). N = 21–23 (WT males n = 11, females n = 10; Gpr88Cre/Cre males n = 12, females n = 11). Individual data points presented with mean ± SEM. ∗p < .05, ∗∗p < .01. PR, progressive ratio; WT, wild-type.
