Table 1.
Participant Characteristics
| Demographics | Early Psychosis Group, n = 68 | Healthy Control Group, n = 72 | Early Psychosis vs. Healthy Control |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistic | p | |||
| Age at Enrollment, Years | 21 ± 3.3 | 22 ± 2.8 | F1,139 = 0.76 | .38 |
| Sex, % Male | 79% | 74% | χ21 = 0.65 | .42 |
| Race, Black/Other/White | 15/1/52 | 12/4/56 | χ22 = 2.17 | .34 |
| Ethnicity, % Non-Hispanic | 99% | 93% | χ22 = 2.55 | .11 |
| Handedness, % Right | 94% | 92% | χ21 = 0.32 | .57 |
| Premorbid IQ, WTAR | 103 ± 15.0 | 113 ± 9.7 | F1,130 = 19.67a | <.001b |
| Participant’s Education, Years | 13 ± 2.2 | 15 ± 1.9 | F1,139 = 13.66 | <.001b |
| Parental Education, Years | 15 ± 2.8 | 15 ± 2.3 | F1,139 = 0.54 | .46 |
| Clinical Characteristics | Study Entry, n = 52c |
2-Year Follow-up, n = 56 |
Study Entry vs. 2 Years |
|
| Diagnosis, SZF/SZ/BPd | 35/14/3 | 15/41/0 | − | − |
| Duration of Illness, Months | 7.2 ± 5.9 (1–24) | 31.8 ± 5.7 (25–48) | − | − |
| CPZ, mg | 337 ± 155.9 (75–750) | 299 ± 197.2 (50–879) | F1,79 = 0.93 | .34 |
| Antipsychotic Treatment, % | 85% | 64% | χ21 = 5.80 | .02b |
| PANSS Total | 66 ± 20.7 (34–114) | 52 ± 15.1 (33–104) | F1,107 = 15.32 | <.001b |
| PANSS-positive | 16 ± 7.0 (7–36) | 13 ± 4.7 (7–27) | F1,107 = 7.68 | .007b |
| PANSS-negative | 17 ± 7.1 (7–33) | 12 ± 6.2 (7–32) | F1,107 = 14.55 | <.001b |
| PANSS-general | 32 ± 9.6 (18–59) | 27 ± 7.0 (17–46) | F1,107 = 11.85 | .001b |
| HAM-D | 11 ± 8.0 (1–29) | 7 ± 6.3 (0–28) | F1,106 = 9.42e | .003b |
| YMRS | 2 ± 4.1 (0–19) | 2 ± 3.0 (0–15) | F1,106 = 0.31e | .58 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD, mean ± SD (range), percentage, or n. Demographic data are presented for included study participants.
BP, bipolar disorder with psychotic features; CPZ, chlorpromazine equivalent; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale−17 item; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SZF, schizophreniform; SZ, schizophrenia; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
WTAR scores are reported for native English speakers (early psychosis patients, n = 66; healthy control subjects, n = 65).
Significant p values (p ≤ .05).
All data meeting quality thresholds were included. Exclusions are detailed by visit and group in the Supplement.
All participants met criteria for a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder diagnosis at 2-year follow-up.
One patient missing HAM-D and YMRS at study entry.