Table 3.
Associationsa between socioeconomic factors and SLEDAI-2K score at enrollment among participants with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus enrolled in the CARRA Registry using different analytic methods to address missing data
| Non-probabilistic bias analysis (N = 676) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complete case analysis (N = 381) β (95% CI) |
Multiple imputation (20 imputations) (N = 766) Mean β (95% CI) |
Imputed most disadvantaged/ marginalized group β (95% CI) |
Imputed least disadvantaged/ marginalized group β (95% CI) |
|
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Asian/NHPI | 2.33 (−0.80, 5.45) | 1.31 (−0.79, 2.90) | 1.79 (−0.25, 3.83) | 1.58 (−0.42, 3.59) |
| Hispanic | 0.60 (−1.79, 2.99) | 1.22 (−0.46, 2.90) | 1.48 (−0.18, 3.13) | 1.07 (−0.56, 2.69) |
| Non-Hispanic Black/African American | −0.58 (−2.80, 1.65) | 0.18 (−1.42, 1.78) | 0.25 (−1.28, 1.79) | 0.00 (−1.53, 1.54) |
| Non-Hispanic Other (NA/AN, Middle Eastern, North African, race not previously mentioned, multiracial) | 0.51 (−2.56, 3.58) | 2.00 (−0.31, 4.32) | 1.87 (−0.36, 4.10) | 1.91 (−0.31, 4.12) |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Household income | ||||
| <$25,000 | 1.89 (−1.79, 5.56) | −0.50 (−3.46, 2.46) | −1.36 (−3.60, 0.89) | 0.88 (−0.93, 2.69) |
| $25,000-49,999 | 1.06 (−2.24, 4.37) | −0.29 (−2.97, 2.40) | −0.25 (−2.78, 2.27) | 1.08 (−0.62, 2.79) |
| $50,000-74,999 | 0.66 (−2.50, 3.82) | −0.62 (−3.11, 1.87) | −0.60 (−3.18, 1.97) | 0.58 (−1.31, 2.46) |
| $75,000-99,999 | 1.46 (−1.71, 4.63) | 0.14 (−2.46, 2.74) | 0.39 (−2.29, 3.06) | 1.37 (−0.73, 3.47) |
| $100,000-150,000 | 0.12 (−3.03, 3.27) | 0.06 (−2.49, 2.62) | 0.11 (−2.52, 2.74) | 1.13 (−0.93, 3.19) |
| >$150,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Parental educational attainment | ||||
| <High school | 1.03 (−2.75, 4.81) | 0.70 (−1.95, 3.34) | 0.46 (−1.59, 2.51) | 1.10 (−1.05, 3.25) |
| High school grad or GED | 1.28 (−1.45, 4.01) | 1.18 (−1.04, 3.40) | 1.06 (−0.98, 3.10) | 0.85 (−0.74, 2.45) |
| College | 0.95 (−1.41, 3.30) | 0.90 (−1.02, 2.82) | 0.89 (−0.95, 2.73) | 0.76 (−0.67, 2.18) |
| Graduate school | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Private | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Government-assisted | −1.60 (−3.76, 0.56) | 0.07 (−1.66, 1.81) | 0.41 (−0.99, 1.81) | −0.22 (−1.58, 1.14) |
| Other, including non-US insurance | −1.09 (−5.81, 3.64) | −1.71 (−4.70, 1.27) | −1.59 (−4.49, 1.30) | −1.94 (−4.78, 0.90) |
| None | 4.91 (0.13, 9.70) | 3.81 (0.05, 7.57) | 2.69 (0.47, 4.92) | 3.58 (0.13, 7.04) |
a
Models adjusted for age (continuous), sex assigned at birth (male, female, other), disease duration at enrollment (continuous), time since first seen by a pediatric rheumatologist (continuous), and study site (categorical).
GED: Graduation Equivalent Degree; NA/AN: Native American or Alaska Native; NHPI: Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; SDI: SLICC damage index; SE: Standard error; SLEDAI-2K: Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index