Table 2.
Estimated parameters for mediation multilevel models, as schematized in Fig. 1b, assessing impulsivity, response inhibition, and working memory as mediators of the temporal association of social media use and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
| Predictors | Estimate | Std. Er | Pr( >|t|) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social media predicting ADHD symptoms through impulsivity | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | − 3.267 | 0.206 | 0.000 | − 3.738, − 2.943 |
| Intercept (impulsivity) | 12.509 | 0.161 | 0.000 | 12.197, 12.789 |
| Social media on ADHD between-person | 0.108 | 0.038 | 0.005 | 0.029, 0.181 |
| Social media on ADHD within-person | 0.101 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.075, 0.131 |
| Social media on ADHD lagged-within-person | − 0.005 | 0.018 | 0.360 | − 0.040, 0.032 |
| Social media on impulsivity between-person | 0.830 | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.737, 0.918 |
| Social media on impulsivity within-person | 0.225 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.186, 0.264 |
| Social media on impulsivity lagged-within-person | 0.071 | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.014, 0.116 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD between-person | 0.586 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.559, 0.618 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD within-person | 0.255 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.242, 0.270 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.030 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.013, 0.045 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.484 | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.430, 0.546 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.057 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.047, 0.068 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000, 0.004* |
| Social media predicting ADHD symptoms through response inhibition | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | 3.597 | 0.216 | 0.000 | 3.134, 3.969 |
| Intercept (response inhibition) | 35.555 | 0.986 | 0.000 | 33.654, 37.563 |
| Social media on ADHD between-person | 0.575 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.478, 0.678 |
| Social media on ADHD within-person | 0.131 | 0.020 | 0.000 | 0.086, 0.167 |
| Social media on ADHD lagged-within-person | − 0.010 | 0.023 | 0.285 | − 0.063, 0.030 |
| Social media on response inhibition between-person | 2.574 | 0.328 | 0.000 | 1.972, 3.261 |
| Social media on response inhibition within-person | 0.440 | 0.179 | 0.010 | 0.075, 0.725 |
| Social media on response inhibition lagged-within-person | 0.250 | 0.230 | 0.125 | − 0.181, 0.689 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD between-person | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.003, 0.018 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD within-person | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.260 | − 0.001, 0.003 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.400 | − 0.003, 0.003 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.007, 0.050 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.270 | − 0.001, 0.002 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.465 | − 0.001, 0.001 |
| Social media predicting ADHD symptoms through working memory | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | 3.863 | 0.189 | 0.000 | 3.486, 4.250 |
| Intercept (working memory) | 19.850 | 0.503 | 0.000 | 18.874, 20.863 |
| Social media on ADHD between-person | 0.580 | 0.045 | 0.000 | 0.490, 0.669 |
| Social media on ADHD within-person | 0.155 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 0.121, 0.187 |
| Social media on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.023 | 0.020 | 0.143 | − 0.019, 0.058 |
| Social media on working memory between-person | 1.498 | 0.154 | 0.000 | 1.184, 1.774 |
| Social media on working memory within-person | 0.192 | 0.073 | 0.000 | 0.049, 0.339 |
| Social media on working memory lagged-within-person | 0.092 | 0.100 | 0.177 | − 0.101, 0.306 |
| Working memory on ADHD between-person | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.117 | − 0.004, 0.021 |
| Working memory on ADHD within-person | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.073 | − 0.001, 0.008 |
| Working memory on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.001, 0.010 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.117 | − 0.006, 0.031 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.073 | 0.000, 0.002 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.183 | − 0.001, 0.002 |
The significant mediated between- and within-person associations are highlighted in boldface (p < 0.050, one-tailed p-value). *CI does not include/cross zero.