Table 3.
Estimated parameters for mediation multilevel models, as schematized in Fig. 1b, assessing impulsivity, response inhibition, and working memory as mediators of the temporal association of television viewing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
| Predictors | Estimate | Std. Er | Pr( >|t|) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Television viewing predicting ADHD symptoms through impulsivity | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | − 3.507 | 0.194 | 0.000 | − 3.932, − 3.186 |
| Intercept (impulsivity) | 11.443 | 0.173 | 0.000 | 11.073, 11.744 |
| Television viewing on ADHD between-person | 0.081 | 0.041 | 0.045 | − 0.006, 0.148 |
| Television viewing on ADHD within-person | 0.055 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.023, 0.085 |
| Television viewing on ADHD lagged-within-person | − 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.440 | − 0.040, 0.035 |
| Television viewing on impulsivity between-person | 0.525 | 0.054 | 0.000 | 0.425, 0.624 |
| Television viewing on impulsivity within-person | 0.092 | 0.021 | 0.000 | 0.050, 0.131 |
| Television viewing on impulsivity lagged-within-person | − 0.032 | 0.026 | 0.085 | − 0.089, 0.011 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD between-person | 0.595 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.566, 0.622 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD within-person | 0.259 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.246, 0.274 |
| Impulsivity on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.031 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.014, 0.046 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.313 | 0.034 | 0.000 | 0.257, 0.374 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.024 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.013, 0.034 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | − 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.085 | − 0.004, 0.000 |
| Television viewing predicting ADHD symptoms through response inhibition | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | 2.607 | 0.208 | 0.000 | 2.177, 2.994 |
| Intercept (response inhibition) | 32.871 | 1.032 | 0.000 | 31.088, 35.122 |
| Television viewing on ADHD between-person | 0.412 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.297, 0.523 |
| Television viewing on ADHD within-person | 0.052 | 0.019 | 0.005 | 0.011, 0.084 |
| Television viewing on ADHD lagged-within-person | − 0.017 | 0.023 | 0.245 | − 0.062, 0.025 |
| Television viewing on response inhibition between-person | 1.146 | 0.369 | 0.000 | 0.406, 1.886 |
| Television viewing on response inhibition within-person | − 0.015 | 0.173 | 0.455 | − 0.337, 0.265 |
| Television viewing on response inhibition lagged-within-person | − 0.076 | 0.218 | 0.395 | − 0.454, 0.348 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD between-person | 0.018 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.009, 0.025 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD within-person | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.180 | − 0.001, 0.003 |
| Response inhibition on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.435 | − 0.003, 0.003 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.019 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.007, 0.040 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.495 | − 0.001, 0.000 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.490 | 0.000, 0.001 |
| Television viewing predicting ADHD symptoms through working memory | ||||
| Intercept (ADHD) | 2.897 | 0.187 | 0.000 | 2.527, 3.290 |
| Intercept (working memory) | 18.313 | 0.541 | 0.000 | 17.230, 19.349 |
| Television viewing on ADHD between-person | 0.360 | 0.049 | 0.000 | 0.261, 0.454 |
| Television viewing on ADHD within-person | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.057 | − 0.001, 0.008 |
| Television viewing on ADHD lagged-within-person | − 0.004 | 0.019 | 0.423 | − 0.042, 0.036 |
| Television viewing on working memory between-person | 0.601 | 0.181 | 0.000 | 0.235, 0.969 |
| Television viewing on working memory within-person | 0.152 | 0.074 | 0.027 | − 0.005, 0.295 |
| Television viewing on working memory lagged-within-person | − 0.016 | 0.096 | 0.437 | − 0.198, 0.182 |
| Working memory on ADHD between-person | 0.020 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.008, 0.033 |
| Working memory on ADHD within-person | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.057 | − 0.001, 0.008 |
| Working memory on ADHD lagged-within-person | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.001, 0.010 |
| Mediation between-person | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.004, 0.024 |
| Mediation within-person | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.077 | 0.000, 0.002 |
| Mediation lagged-within-person | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.440 | − 0.001, 0.001 |
The significant mediated between- and within-person associations are highlighted in boldface (p < 0.050, one-tailed p-value).