Table 2.
Summary of the 15 articles found.
| Reference | Authors' names/Country | Title | Study Type | Objective |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | Heiderich, T et al. (2015)/ Brasil | Neonatal procedural pain can be assessed by computer software that has good sensitivity and specificity to detect facial movements. | Software development for neonatal pain assessment. | Develop and validate computer software to monitor neonatal facial movements of pain in real-time. |
| 23 | Carlini, L et al. (2021)/Brasil | A Convolutional Neural Network-based Mobile Application to Bedside Neonatal Pain Assessment. | A mobile application for smartphones for neonatal pain assessment. | Propose and implement a mobile application for smartphones that uses Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to automatically identify the facial expression of pain in neonates, presenting feasibility in real clinical situations. |
| 30 | Grifantini, C (2020)/USA | Detecting Faces, Saving Lives. | Report: Discuss how facial recognition software is changing health care. | Report on research using facial recognition technology, with machine learning algorithms and neural networks, and could be incorporated into hospitals to reduce pain and suffering and save lives. |
| 30 cited 20 | First citation in Grifantini, C (2020) Zamzmi, G et al. (2019)/USA | Convolutional Neural Networks for Neonatal Pain Assessment | Investigate the use of Convolutional Neural Networks for assessing neonatal pain. | Investigate the use of a novel lightweight neonatal convolutional neural network as well as other popular convolutional neural network architectures for assessing neonatal pain. |
| 30 cited 26 | Second citation in Grifantini, C (2020) Zamzmi, G et al. (2022)/USA | A Comprehensive and Context-Sensitive Neonatal Pain Assessment Using Computer Vision | Present an automated system for neonatal pain assessment. | Present a pain assessment system that utilizes facial expressions along with crying sounds, body movement, and vital sign changes. |
| 31 | Egede, J et al. (2019)/United Kingdom | Automatic Neonatal Pain Estimation: An Acute Pain in Neonates Database. | Present an automated system for neonatal pain assessment. | Present a system for neonatal pain assessment which encodes pain indicative-features |
| 32 | Martinez-B, A et al. (2014)/Spain | An Autonomous System to Assess, Display and Communicate the Pain Level in Newborns. | Present an automated system for neonatal pain assessment - Web application. | Present a system that automatically analyses the pain or discomfort levels of newborns. |
| 33 | Roué, J et al. (2021)/France | Using sensor-fusion and machine-learning algorithms to assess acute pain in non-verbal infants: a study protocol. | The study protocol, Clinical Trials, and Prospective observational study. | Identify the specific signals and patterns from each facial sensor that correlate with the pain stimulus. |
| 34 | Cheng, X et al. (2022) /China | Artificial Intelligence Based Pain Assessment Technology in Clinical Application of Real-World Neonatal Blood Sampling. | Prospective study - The client-server model to run on the mobile. | Analyze the consistency of the NPA results from a self-developed automated NPA system and nurses’ on-site NPAs (OS-NPAs). |
| 35 | Domingues, P et al. (2021)/Brasil | Neonatal Face Mosaic: An areas-of-interest segmentation method based on 2D face images. | Create a facial mosaic to aid in the facial assessment of neonatal pain. | Propose the separation of the face into predefined polygonal regions relevant to pain detection in neonates. |
| 36 | Han, J et al. (2012)/Netherlands | Neonatal Monitoring Based on Facial Expression Analysis. | Development of a system to analyze various facial regions. | Design a prototype of an automated video monitoring system for detecting discomfort in newborns by analyzing their facial expression. |
| 37 | Mansor, M et al. (2014)/Malaysia | Infant Pain Detection with Homomorphic Filter and Fuzzy k-NN Classifier. | Present an automated system for neonatal pain assessment. | Evaluate the performance of illumination levels for infant pain classification. |
| 38 | Parodi, E et al. (2017)/Italy | Automated Newborn Pain Assessment Framework Using Computer Vision Techniques. | Proposed algorithm for neonatal pain assessment. | Propose a computerized tool for neonatal pain evaluation based on patients’ facial expressions. |
| 39 | Wang, Y et al. (2022)/China | Full‑convolution Siamese network algorithm under deep learning used in tracking of facial video image in newborns. | Explore a new tracking network for neonatal pain assessment. | Explore the full-convolution Siamese network in neonatal facial video image tracking application. |
| 40 | Dosso, Y et al. (2022)/Canada | NICUface: Robust Neonatal Face Detection in Complex NICU Scenes | Creation of robust NICU-face detectors. | Create two neonatal face detection models (NICUface) by finetuning the most performant pre-trained face detection models on exceptionally challenging NICU scenes. |
Note: AI, Artificial intelligence; Fuzzy k-NN, Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor; NICU, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; NPA, Neonatal Pain Assessment; OS-NPAs, on-site NPAs.