Table 2.
Association between structured and shared parenting and mental health
| Domain and covariates | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P-value | β (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Parent depressiona | ||||
| Age 2–5 years | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.040 (−0.093 to 0.014) | 0.150 | −0.034 (−0.091 to 0.023) | 0.240 |
| Shared parenting | −0.100 (−0.164 to −0.035) | 0.003 | −0.093 (−0.160 to −0.025) | 0.008 |
| Age 6–9 years | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.085 (−0.190 to 0.020) | 0.112 | −0.083 (−0.184 to 0.019) | 0.109 |
| Shared parenting | −0.190 (−0.298 to −0.083) | 0.001 | −0.165 (−0.271 to −0.060) | <0.001 |
| Age 10–12 years | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.069 (−0.204 to 0.067) | 0.329 | −0.081 (−0.217 to 0.055) | 0.241 |
| Shared parenting | −0.172 (−0.295 to −0.049) | 0.006 | −0.166 (−0.287 to −0.045) | 0.007 |
| Age 13–18 years | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.041 (−0.183 to 0.141) | 0.572 | −0.049 (−0.190 to 0.091) | 0.490 |
| Shared parenting | −0.323 (−0.459 to −0.189) | <0.001 | −0.317 (−0.452 to −0.182) | <0.001 |
| Child depressionb | ||||
| Age 2–5 years (SDQ Emotional Subscale) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.002 (−0.050 to 0.046) | 0.931 | 0.001 (−0.047 to 0.049) | 0.956 |
| Shared parenting | −0.072 (−0.125 to −0.020) | 0.007 | −0.065 (−0.120 to −0.011) | 0.019 |
| Age 6–9 years (RCADS-P) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.057 (−0.160 to 0.045) | 0.271 | −0.043 (−0.132 to 0.046) | 0.343 |
| Shared parenting | −0.173 (−0.275 to −0.071) | <0.001 | −0.070 (−0.163 to 0.024) | 0.143 |
| Age 10–12 years (RCADS-P) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.075 (−0.205 to 0.055) | 0.260 | −0.037 (−0.154 to 0.080) | 0.534 |
| Shared parenting | −0.124 (−0.248 to 0.001) | 0.053 | −0.066 (−0.180 to 0.049) | 0.261 |
| Age 13–18 years (RCADS-P) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.168 (−0.299 to −0.036) | 0.013 | −0.110 (−0.224 to 0.004) | 0.060 |
| Shared parenting | −0.218 (−0.344 to −0.092) | <0.001 | −0.109 (−0.226 to 0.008) | 0.068 |
| Child hyperactivity and inattentionb | ||||
| Age 2–5 years (SDQ Hyperactivity Subscale) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.043 (−0.091 to 0.005) | 0.077 | −0.0419 (−0.090 to 0.005) | 0.084 |
| Shared parenting | −0.051 (−0.108 to 0.006) | 0.077 | −0.0442 (−0.100 to 0.012) | 0.121 |
| Age 6–9 years (SWAN) | ||||
| Structured parenting | 0.002 (−0.115 to 0.117) | 0.977 | 0.007 (−0.080 to 0.093) | 0.879 |
| Shared parenting | −0.092 (−0.213 to 0.029) | 0.135 | −0.010 (−0.104 to 0.083) | 0.829 |
| Age 10–12 years (SWAN) | ||||
| Structured parenting | 0.036 (−0.128 to 0.199) | 0.668 | 0.071 (−0.054 to 0.195) | 0.265 |
| Shared parenting | −0.050 (−0.203 to 0.103) | 0.514 | 0.047 (−0.074 to 0.167) | 0.443 |
| Age 13–18 years (SWAN) | ||||
| Structured parenting | 0.049 (−0.125 to 0.222) | 0.583 | −0.013 (−0.168 to 0.143) | 0.873 |
| Shared parenting | −0.100 (−0.260 to 0.061) | 0.223 | −0.084 (−0.238 to 0.071) | 0.287 |
| Child irritabilityb | ||||
| Age 2–5 years (SDQ Conduct Problems Subscale) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.056 (−0.108 to −0.003) | 0.038 | −0.054 (−0.107 to −0.001) | 0.047 |
| Shared parenting | −0.091 (−0.149 to −0.032) | 0.003 | −0.086 (−0.147 to −0.025) | 0.006 |
| Age 6–9 years (TIDES) | ||||
| Structured parenting | 0.027 (−0.083 to 0.137) | 0.629 | 0.037 (−0.067 to 0.141) | 0.480 |
| Shared parenting | −0.134 (−0.242 to −0.026) | 0.015 | −0.063 (−0.168 to 0.043) | 0.243 |
| Age 10–12 years (TIDES) | ||||
| Structured parenting | −0.010 (−0.145 to 0.124) | 0.882 | 0.032 (−0.094 to 0.157) | 0.620 |
| Shared parenting | −0.133 (−0.258 to −0.007) | 0.038 | −0.096 (−0.213 to 0.021) | 0.107 |
| Age 13–18 years (TIDES) | ||||
| Structured parenting | 0.019 (−0.115 to 0.153) | 0.780 | 0.012 (−0.115 to 0.139) | 0.850 |
| Shared parenting | −0.302 (−0.430 to −0.174) | <0.001 | −0.270 (−0.399 to −0.140) | <0.001 |
Bold values were statistically significant. To account for testing three different outcomes (emotional problems, hyperactivity, conduct problem) for children aged 2–5 years, applying the Bonferroni correction (0.05/3), results in a critical value for statistical significance of 0.017; and to account for three different outcomes (depression symptoms, hyperactivity/inattention symptoms, irritability symptoms) for children aged 6–18 years, applying the Bonferroni correction (0.05/3), results in a critical value for statistical significance of 0.017. SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; RCADS-P, Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale; SWAN, Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale – Parent Report; TIDES, The Irritability and Dysregulation of Emotion Scale, Brief.
The model with parents with children aged 2–5 years was adjusted for income and parent ethnicity; models with parents with children aged 6–18 years were adjusted for income, parent ethnicity, responding parent role and previous mental health diagnosis for child.
The model with children aged 2–5 years was adjusted for child gender assigned at birth, child ethnicity and parent depression; models with children aged 6–18 years were adjusted for income, child gender assigned at birth, child ethnicity, previous mental health diagnosis for child and parent depression