TABLE 3.
Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios according to the interaction between multimorbidity and risk factors (Thailand, 2005 for baseline characteristics and 2019 for all-cause mortality).
| Participants | Male | Female | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHR* | (95% CI) | AHR* | (95% CI) | AHR* | (95% CI) | |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
| Multimorbidity*gender (References: no multimorbidity*male) | ||||||
| having multimorbidity | 1.32 | (1.14, 1.52) | 0.94 | (0.74, 1.19) | ||
| Multimorbidity*age (years) (References: no multimorbidity*≤39 years) | ||||||
| Having multimorbidity*≤39 years | 1.40 | (1.13, 1.73) | 1.83 | (1.34, 2.51) | 1.51 | (1.27, 1.80) |
| Having multimorbidity*40–59 years | 3.11 | (2.52, 3.84) | 4.06 | (2.78, 5.95) | 3.27 | (2.72, 3.93) |
| Having multimorbidity*≥60 years | 17.03 | (11.59, 25.03) | 26.53 | (8.20, 85.81) | 17.41 | (12.14, 24.97) |
| p-trend | 0.0421 | 0.0837 | 0.0413 | |||
| Socio-economic status (SES) | ||||||
| Multimorbidity*Personal monthly income (baht)*Education level (References: no multimorbidity*≤ 7,000 baht*junior school) | ||||||
| Having multimorbidity*≥20,001 baht*junior school | 0.70 | (0.32, 1.53) | 1.91 | (0.38, 9.73) | 0.81 | (0.40, 1.62) |
| Having multimorbidity*≥20,001 baht*high school | 0.39 | (0.22, 0.69) | 0.82 | (0.23, 2.97) | 0.43 | (0.26, 0.72) |
| Having multimorbidity*≥20,001 baht*diploma | 0.58 | (0.33, 1.02) | 0.92 | (0.26, 3.33) | 0.61 | (0.37, 1.03) |
| Having multimorbidity*≥20,001 baht*university | 0.50 | (0.31, 0.79) | 0.46 | (0.14, 1.54) | 0.49 | (0.32, 0.75) |
| p-trend | 0.4263 | 0.0253 | 0.1948 | |||
| Health behaviours/Personal lifestyles | ||||||
| Activity status | ||||||
| Multimorbidity*Sleeping time (hours) (References: no multimorbidity*7–8 h) | ||||||
| Having multimorbidity*≤6 h | 1.48 | (1.20, 1.84) | 1.69 | (1.14, 2.51) | 1.51 | (1.25, 1.83) |
| Having multimorbidity*7–8 h | 1.25 | (1.02, 1.53) | 1.61 | (1.14, 2.28) | 1.31 | (1.10, 1.57) |
| Having multimorbidity*≥ 9 h | 1.81 | (1.31, 2.52) | 2.82 | (1.64, 4.86) | 2.01 | (1.52, 2.66) |
| p-trend | 0.6013 | 0.3710 | 0.5122 | |||
| Smoking and drinking status | ||||||
| Multimorbidity*Smoking (References: no multimorbidity*never smoking) | ||||||
| Having multimorbidity*never smoking | 1.57 | (1.21, 2.02) | 1.75 | (1.35, 2.28) | 1.68 | (1.40, 2.01) |
| Having multimorbidity*smoking | 2.12 | (1.73, 2.58) | 2.39 | (1.29, 4.42) | 2.05 | (1.71, 2.46) |
| Multimorbidity*Drinking (References: no multimorbidity*never) | ||||||
| Having multimorbidity*never | 1.36 | (1.13, 1.64) | 1.81 | (1.28, 2.58) | 1.43 | (1.21, 1.68) |
| Having multimorbidity*ex-drinker | 2.19 | (1.48, 3.24) | 1.86 | (1.26, 2.75) | 2.03 | (1.54, 2.66) |
| Having multimorbidity* occasional or social | 1.70 | (1.25, 2.32) | 0.00 | 1.65 | (1.21, 2.24) | |
| Having multimorbidity*current regular | 1.87 | (1.41, 2.49) | 3.33 | (1.89, 5.89) | 2.02 | (1.57, 2.60) |
| p-trend | 0.7108 | 0.7443 | 0.3898 | |||
AHRs*: Multivariate adjusted Hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazard models controlling for other socio-demographic factors and personal lifestyle elements (variables in Supplementary Table S2 in Supplementary File S1). AHRs bolding: The results of Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) were statistical significance (p < 0.05). p-trend bolding: The results of p-trend were statistical significance (p for trend <0.05).