Fig. 2.

Characterization of TCeO₂-TRA-FNL-Gel. (A-B) Viability of HaCat cells after treated with TRA (0–40 µg/ml)/Cerium (0–60 µg/ml) for 24 h; (C-D) TEM image of TCeO₂-TRA-FNL and DLS results of TCeO₂-TRA-FNL, TCeO₂-FNL, CeO₂-FNL and TRA-FNL; (E) In vitro TRA release behaviors of TCeO₂-TRA-FNL-Gel, TRA-FNL-Gel and Free-TRA-Gel; (F) In vitro skin retention of TCeO₂-TRA-FNL-Gel, TRA-FNL-Gel and Free-TRA-Gel; (G) The variation of G′ and G′′ values with strain for TCeO₂-TRA-FNL-Gel; (H) The complex viscosity of gels; (I) CLSM images of pig skin after treatment with TCeO₂-TRA-FNL-Gel for preset time points. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.