Table 2. Reported Urinary Arsenic Metabolites Following the Ingestion of Arsenosugars.
| Ingestion | Arsenic species in food (% of total arsenic) | Urinary Arsenic Metabolites | Participants | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenosugar-Containing Foods | ||||
| kelp (brown seaweed) | AsSug X | DMA | 2 volunteers | (63) |
| AsSug XI | iAsV | |||
| 3 Unknown As species | ||||
| nori (red seaweed) | AsSug X | DMA | 9 volunteers | |
| 6 Unknown As species | ||||
| yakinori | AsSug X | DMA | 4 volunteers | (64) |
| AsSug XI | 4 Unknown As species | |||
| nori (red seaweed) | AsSug X (92.5%)f | DMA | 1 volunteer | |
| DMA, iAsV (7.5%)f | 5 Unknown As species | |||
| wakame (brown seaweed) | AsSug328 (88.8%) | DMA (58.1%)a | 5 volunteers | (86) |
| AsSug482 (Traces) | 5 Unknown As species | |||
| Unknown As species (Traces) | ||||
| wakame (brown seaweed) | DMA (0.6%) | DMA (8.6%)b | 11 volunteers | (76) |
| AsSug482 (0.5%) | Thio-DMAA (4.2%)b | |||
| AsSug328 (0.3%) | Thio-DMAE (2.8%)b | |||
| AsSug482, AsSug328 (1.7%)b | ||||
| Thio-DMA (0.2%)b | ||||
| kombu (brown seaweed) | AsSug392(47.9%) | DMA (5.3%)b | 11 volunteers | |
| AsSug482 (14.7%) | Thio-DMAA (1.5%)b | |||
| AsSug328 (3.4%) | Thio-DMAE (0.9%)b | |||
| DMA (0.7%) | AsSug392, AsSug482, AsSug328 (0.7%)b | |||
| Thio-DMA (0.1%)b | ||||
| nori (red seaweed) | AsSug482 (60.7%) | DMA (13.6%)b | 11 volunteers | |
| DMA (2.8%) | Thio-DMAA (6.0%)b | |||
| AsSug328 (2.2%) | Thio-DMAE (4.2%)b | |||
| AsSug482, AsSug328 (1.6%)b | ||||
| Thio-DMA (0.6%)b | ||||
| Pure Arsenosugars | ||||
| AsSug328 (>99.5%) | DMA (67%)c | 1 volunteer | (87) | |
| DMA (<0.5%)e | Unknown As species A4 (20%)c | |||
| DMAE (5%)c | ||||
| Unknown As species A3 (5%)c | ||||
| TMAO (0.5%)c | ||||
| Traces of at least 8 Unknown As species (2.5%)c | ||||
| AsSug328 | DMA (51%)d | 1 volunteer | (75) | |
| Thio-DMAA (19%)d | ||||
| Thio-DMAE (10%)d | ||||
| Unknown As species A5 (10%)d | ||||
| Oxo-DMAE/Oxo-analogue of A5 (4%)d | ||||
| Oxo-DMAA (2%)d | ||||
| AsSug328 (1%)d | ||||
| Thio-AsSug328 and (possibly) thio-DMA (Traces)d | ||||
| Traces of Unknown As species 3%d | ||||
| AsSug328 | DMA (40–46%) | 4 volunteers | (77) | |
| Thio-DMAA (15–19%) | high excretors | |||
| Thio-DMAE (5–9%) | >85% As excreted | |||
| Thio-Unknown As species (3–8%). | ||||
| DMA | 2 volunteers | |||
| Thio-AsSug328 | low excretors | |||
| Oxo-AsSug328 | 4% and 15% As excreted | |||
a
% of total arsenic excreted over 5 days.
b
mean % of total arsenic consumed.
c
% of total arsenic excreted over 69 h.
d
% of total arsenic excreted over 48 h.
e
Impurity assigned based on retention time match.
f
Based on sum of arsenic species concentrations.