| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abend 2011 | Retrospective cohort study (on levetiracetam for neonatal seizures) |
| Arican 2020 | Cross‐sectional study (comparing the neurocognitive outcomes of neonates who were treated with levetiracetam or phenobarbitone) |
| Castro Conde 2005 | Prospective cohort study (evaluating midazolam as a third‐line drug) |
| Deshmukh 1986 | Case series (on 7 neonates treated with lorazepam as a third‐line drug) |
| Dwivedi 2019 | Retrospective cohort study (to examine the factors associated with failure of phenobarbitone as first‐line ASM in HIE) |
| Favié 2020 | Observational study (evaluating the pharmacokinetics of lignocaine in neonates) |
| Gal 1988 | Case series (of 6 neonates treated with valproic acid) |
| Glass 2021 | Prospective cohort study (comparing maintenance ASM versus no maintenance ASM on neurodevelopment and epilepsy at 24 months) |
| Han 2018 | Retrospective study (on levetiracetam as first‐line ASM) |
| Hellström‐Westas 1988 | Observational study (evaluating lignocaine in neonatal seizures) |
| Hu 2003 | This prospective open‐label study was designed to determine the efficacy and safety of continuous midazolam infusion in neonates with uncontrollable neonatal seizures. Patients whose seizures could not be controlled by diazepam, phenytoin or phenobarbital were enrolled. |
| Hunt 2021 | This RCT on treating both clinical and electrographic seizures versus treating clinical seizures alone has included neonates with and without electrographic seizures. Data on outcomes of only those neonates who had electrographic seizures were not available. |
| Jawadekar 1992 | Prospective observational study (evaluating phenobarbitone and phenytoin) |
| Jayswal 2021 | Prospective cohort study (comparing midazolam versus levetiracetam as third‐line ASM) |
| Kanmaz 2021 | Retrospective observational study (on levetiracetam as first‐line ASM) |
| Liu 2020 | Retrospective study (comparing phenobarbitone and levetiracetam as first‐line ASM) |
| Low 2016 | Prospective observational study (evaluating phenobarbitone for EEG‐confirmed seizures) |
| Maitre 2013 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing the effect of levetiracetam and phenobarbitone on neurodevelopmental outcomes) |
| Mollamohammadi 2018 | Single‐arm study evaluating levetiracetam as a third‐line drug |
| Pressler 2015 | This open‐label study without control group aimed to assess dose and feasibility of intravenous bumetanide as an add‐on to phenobarbital for treatment of neonatal seizures. |
| Ramantani 2011 | Prospective observational study (evaluating levetiracetam as first‐line ASM) |
| Rao 2018 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing levetiracetam and phenobarbitone as first‐line ASM in HIE) |
| Rochefort 1989 | Conference abstract. We did not have adequate information for risk of bias assessment and adequate data on outcomes. |
| Sedighi 2016 | Single‐arm study (evaluating levetiracetam as first‐line ASM) |
| Shany 2007 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing lignocaine and midazolam as second‐line ASM) |
| Thibault 2020 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing levetiracetam and phenobarbitone as first‐line ASM in seizures following neonatal cardiac surgery) |
| Verwoerd 2022 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing levetiracetam and phenobarbitone as first‐line ASM) |
| Wagner 2021 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing levetiracetam and phenobarbitone as first‐line ASM) |
| Weeke 2016 | Retrospective observational study (evaluating lignocaine in neonatal seizures) |
| Yamamoto 2007 | Retrospective cohort study (comparing lignocaine and midazolam in neonatal status epilepticus) |
ASM: anti‐seizure medication; EEG: electroencephalography; HIE: hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy; RCT: randomised controlled trial