Baumgartner 2021.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: cluster‐RCT Duration of study: the study was conducted from August 2018 to February 2020. Country: Ghana Income classification: lower‐middle‐income country in 2018 Geographical scope: rural northern Ghana Healthcare setting: community groups (C‐PrES groups, composed of ∼20 to 25 women from the same community)
Participants	1. Age: minimum age 16 years [mean age 26.95 (SD 6.80) years] 2. Gender: female 3. Socioeconomic background: ~20% of participants for each five SES asset index (quintiles) 4. Educational background: 48.7% of participants had no education. Inclusion criteria: Eligible participants had to be: a. registered in a C‐PrES group; b. 16 years or older; c. currently pregnant at baseline; and d. planning to maintain residence in the community for at least 6 months (duration of the programme). Exclusion criteria: not specified Note: at baseline, the intervention and control group scores for Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ‐9) were, respectively, 5.54 (3.82) and 6.81 (4.21). Stated purpose: to assess the impact of the Integrated Mothers and Babies Course and Early Childhood Development (iMBC/ECD) intervention on (1) the mental health of mothers of children under age 2 living in rural northern Ghana and (2) the socioemotional development of their children
Interventions	Name: Integrated Mothers and Babies Course and Early Childhood Development (iMBC/ECD) programme Title/name of PW and number: ‘model mothers’: women from the communities and supervised by GHS community health officers and CRS REST II field staff; ~32 (one for each community group) but not well specified 1. Selection: “identified by CRS and GHS staff as women who were pregnant or had a child under age 2 and who exhibited what they considered healthy MNCHN‐related behaviors” 2. Educational background: supposed to be literate in the local language 3. Training: 1‐week training in July 2018 and a 3‐day refresher training in November 2018 on iMBC delivered by masters‐level CRS staff who had themselves been trained by one of the iMBC original developers, a clinical psychologist based in the USA and a master iMBC trainer from Kenya 4. Supervision: weekly supervision by GHS nurses 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated prevention – prevention of mental health of women during pregnancy and the first two years of the life of their children. Participants presented with some level of distress at baseline as indicated by PHQ‐9. Intervention details: the Integrated Mothers and Babies Course (iMBC) is an evidence‐based intervention for preventing postpartum depression that has been adapted for use in low‐resource settings. The iMBC content is based on the principles of cognitive‐behavioural therapy and attachment theory. Control: usual care (routine educational group sessions that promote the adoption of key MNCHN behaviours [e.g. newborn care, exclusive breastfeeding, etc.])
Outcomes	Participants’outcomes of interest for this review Depressive symptoms – PHQ‐9 Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (< 1 month; 7‐24 months)
Notes	Source of funding: Catholic Relief Services and the Leona M. & Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): the PHQ‐9 has been previously validated and recommended for use in Ghana, though not in the Mampruli or Nabt languages. Additional information: none Handling the data: not applicable Prospective trial registration number: NCT03665246