Lachman 2020.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: cluster‐RCT Duration of study: the study was conducted in 2015‐2016. Country: Tanzania Income classification: low‐income country in 2015‐2016 Geographical scope: rural, Shinyanga Rural District Healthcare setting: community groups
Participants	1. Age: ages across adults 43.12 (12.71), teens 13.41 (2.01), child 11.18 (3.91), infant 17.94 (9.84) 2. Gender: both 3. Socioeconomic background: not specified 4. Educational background: 26.2% of adults had not completed primary school; 61% of teens enrolled in school; 58.9% of children enrolled in school. Inclusion criteria—caregivers Families who were members of the selected farmer groups in each village and: a. age 18 or older; b. primary caregiver of a child in the household aged 3 to 17; c. lived in household ≥ 4 nights per week; d. registered member of agricultural farmer group and provided consent to participate. Inclusion criteria—children: a. aged 10 to 17 years from all participating families; b. lived in the house ≥ 4 nights per week; c. caregiver participating in study; d. adult and child provided consent; Exclusion criteria: none reported. Note: at baseline, the intervention and control group scores for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) ranged from 13.80 to 15.12. Stated purpose: to assess the combined and separate effects of parenting and economic strengthening programmes on reducing violence against children
Interventions	Name: Skilful parenting; Agribusiness Title/name of PW and number: professional trainers; trained staff (number not specified) 1. Selection: professional trainers from Investing in Children and Societies, an international nonprofit organization; trained staff from a local economic enterprise initiative working in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture 2. Educational background: not specified 3. Training: facilitators were trained using the Skillful Parenting Guide Manual. 4. Supervision: not specified 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated – children presented with some level of distress as indicated by the CES‐D scores. Intervention details Skilful parenting: a 12‐session group‐based programme consisting of five sessions on parenting skills, two on child protection, and five on family budgeting. It was delivered to farmer groups by Kiswahili‐speaking professional trainers from Investing in Children and Societies, an international nonprofit organization with local offices in Shinyanga. It reinforces positive parenting practices, empowering parents to address the challenges that they face in bringing up their children. The intervention helps create parent peer groups to share ideas, support, information, and resources in the community. The intervention involves weekly sessions with farmer groups, awareness raising amongst local authorities and communities, and the establishment of parent peer groups. Topics consist of the following issues related to parenting: roles and responsibilities; family relations; communication; values; positive discipline; child protection; and family budgeting. The Agribusiness programme: targets food and income insecurity by providing smallholder farmer groups access to drought‐resistant seeds, credit for farm inputs, advice to improve farming techniques and market connections. The intervention is delivered to farmer group members by trained staff from a local economic enterprise initiative working in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture over three intensive workshops during the planting season and ongoing support through harvesting season. Skilful parenting + Agribusiness: a combination of both Control: waiting list
Outcomes	Participants’outcomes of interest for this review Depressive symptoms – CES‐D Distress/PTSD symptoms – Parenting Stress Scale (PSS) Note: we included data from the skilful parenting intervention and control group. Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (< 1 month)
Notes	Source of funding: the Skilful Parenting and Agribusiness Child Abuse Prevention Study was supported by the UBS Optimus Foundation (Grant: 7849.09), the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Complexity in Health Improvement Programme of the Medical Research Council MRC UK (Grant: MC_UU_12017/14). Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): the adopted measures are widely validated and established. Additional information: none Handling the data: NA Prospective trial registration number: NCT02633319