Osborn 2020.
| Study characteristics | |
| Methods |
Study design: RCT Duration of study: the study was conducted between 2019 and 2020. Country: Kenya Income classification: low‐middle‐income country in 2019 and 2020 Geographical scope: urban, Kiambu County, outskirts of Nairobi Healthcare setting: private secondary school |
| Participants | 1. Age: 13‐18 years 2. Gender: both 3. Socioeconomic background: private boarding school admitting low‐income students 4. Educational background: 1‐3rd form (grades 9‐11) Inclusion criteria: a. participants must be aged between 13 and 18 years; b. all Kenyan high school students; c. male and female. Exclusion criteria: there were no exclusion criteria for any participant who met the inclusion criteria. Note: at baseline, the intervention and control group scores for Patient Health Questionnaire‐8 (PHQ‐8) were, respectively, 10.60 (5.37) and 9.68 (4.75). Stated purpose Psychosocial purpose of the trial: to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms and to improve overall well‐being in Kenyan high school students. |
| Interventions |
Name: Shamiri‐Digital Wellness Title/name of PW and number: no PWs 1. Selection—self‐help intervention: no PWs 2. Educational background: no PWs 3. Training: the intervention was an internet‐based digital intervention (one of the modules included a “growth testimonial” by a peer; feedback from recent school graduates [peers] was involved in the adaptation to digital form). 4. Supervision: students were informed that they could talk to the study staff should they be distressed and that depending on the kind and severity of the distress, the staff would seek help per local customs and regulations in the school. 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated – participants presented with some level of distress as indicated by the PHQ‐8 scores. Intervention details: the Shamiri‐Digital intervention consists of three modules: growth mindset, gratitude, and value affirmation. In the growth‐mindset module, participants learned about the brain’s ability to grow in response to challenges in various domains (e.g. academic, interpersonal, and personality traits). Then, participants read a growth testimonial written by a Kenyan peer. Afterward, participants wrote their own growth stories about a challenge they faced and overcame. In the gratitude module, participants learned about the importance of practising and expressing gratitude. In a “good things” exercise, participants listed three good things in their lives for which they were grateful. In the value‐affirmation module, participants learned about the importance of affirming personal values (presented as “virtues,” the more common term in Kenya). Participants wrote about a time in which they used their values to guide life decisions. The programme included no audio or multimedia content. Manual: full intervention available online at http://supp.apa.org/psycarticles/supplemental/ccp000050/ccp0000505_supp.html Control: active control—it consisted of two modules, note‐taking skills and effective study habits. In the first module, participants learned a step by‐ step framework for note‐taking. Participants then reflected on how they could use this framework to improve their studying, and they practised by applying the skill to a brief article. In the module on effective study habits, they learned five study habits they could use to optimize the time spent studying. |
| Outcomes |
Participants’outcomes of interest for this review
Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (< 1 month) |
| Notes |
Source of funding: not available Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): PHQ‐8: the PHQ‐8 has also demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α = 0.73) and discriminant validity with Kenyan adolescents. Cronbach’s alpha for the PHQ‐8 in the present study was 0.73. GAD‐7: it has shown adequate internal consistency (α = 0.78) and discriminant validity with Kenyan youths. In the present study, the Cronbach’s alpha for the GAD‐7 was 0.82. SWEMWBS: the Cronbach’s alpha for the SWEMWBS in the present sample was 0.70. Additional information: copyright and permission – those who wish to reuse APA copyrighted material in a non‐APA publication must secure from APA written permission to reproduce a journal article in full or journal text of more than 800 cumulative words or more than 3 tables and/or figures. APA normally grants permission contingent on permission of the author, inclusion of the APA copyright notice on the first page of reproduced material, and payment of a fee of $25 per page. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. copyright law: (1) post‐1977 articles, provided the per‐copy fee in the code for this journal (0022‐ 006X/20/$12.00) is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; (2) pre‐1978 articles, provided that the per‐copy fee stated in the Publishers’ Fee List is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center. For more information along with a permission request form go to: www.apa.org/about/contact/copyright/index.aspx. Handling the data—supplementary materials available: dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000505.supp Prospective trial registration number: PACTR201906810558181 |