Vazir 2013.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: cluster‐RCT Duration of study: the study was published in 2013. Country: India Income classification: low‐middle‐income country from 2007 Geographical scope: rural—60 villages in Andhra Pradesh Healthcare setting: home
Participants	1. Age: mean maternal age (years)—control group (CG) 21.9 (SD 3.1); complementary feeding group (CFG) 22.3 (SD 3.5); responsive complementary feeding and playgroup (RCF&PG) 22.3 (SD 3.4) 2. Gender: female 3. Socioeconomic background: not reported 4. Educational background: % illiterate—37.4 CG, 38.9 CFG, 38.2 RCF&PG; % primary school—34.9 CG, 35.8 CFG, 29.8 RCF&PG; % secondary or high school—27.2 CG, 25.3 CFG, 32 RCF&PG; % of mothers working—52.5% CG; 56.4 CFG; 55.3 RCF&PG Inclusion criteria—cluster: villages that provided the required sample of pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy, over a period of 6 months. Exclusion criteria—cluster: no explicit exclusion criteria. Note: at baseline, the intervention (1 and 2) and control group scores for Center for Epidemiological Survey—Depression scale (CES‐D) were, respectively, 30.4 (8.08); 30.1 (8.35); and 30.8 (8.48). Stated purpose: to determine whether a cluster‐randomized educational intervention focusing on responsive feeding and mother‐child interaction, in combination with messages about appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding from 3 to 15 months of age, would improve adequacy of dietary intake, iron status, growth and development
Interventions	Intervention name: complementary feeding group (CFG); responsive complementary feeding and play group (RCF&PG) Title/name of PW and number: village‐level workers (VWs) 1. Selection: local women who were mothers (one from each village) 2. Educational background: minimum high school‐level education 3. Training: the VWs received supervised training on how to counsel mothers/caregivers using the pictorial flip carts. The intervention teams (60 VWs) were trained to have focused ‘conversations’ with mothers for the various intervention topics. 4. Supervision: trained graduates in nutrition supervised the VWs, examined their records of visits and asked mothers independently what they were told in the VWs’ last visit. They also held periodic reinforcement training sessions with VWs. 5. Incentives/remuneration: not specified Prevention type: indicated – participants presented with some level of distress as indicated by CES‐D scores. Intervention details CFG: in addition to the ICDS services, mothers in this group received nutrition education messages on sustained breastfeeding and complementary feeding through twice‐monthly or four times a month (depending on the age of the infant) home visits over 12 months by the trained village women (VWs) using flip charts, other visual material, demonstrations and counselling sessions. Age‐appropriate intervention messages and materials used for complementary feeding followed the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines (PAHO/WHO 2003). RCF&PG: In addition to the ICDS services, mothers in this group received education on complementary feeding as in the CFG (11 messages), eight messages and skills on responsive feeding, and eight developmental stimulation messages using five simple toys. These age‐appropriate messages and skills on how to understand and respond to infants’ cues of hunger/appetite or satiation comprised the responsive feeding intervention, consistent with some of the responsive feeding messages developed in Guideline #3 of the PAHO/WHO Guidelines (PAHO/WHO 2003) and messages on play and stimulation. This group of mothers also received developmentally appropriate toys five times during the intervention with instructions on how to use them to engage and play with their children. Control: usual care – mothers and infants in this group received only the routine ICDS services. It is the only major national programme in India that provides young children and mothers supplementary nutrition, healthcare, and pre‐school education.
Outcomes	Participants’outcomes of interest for this review Depressive symptoms – CES‐D Carers’ outcomes of interest for this review Nil Economic outcomes Nil Time points: baseline, post‐intervention (1‐6 months) Note: data were not included in the meta‐analysis because they were not provided in the right format or were not available even after attempted author contact.
Notes	Source of funding: Indian Council of Medical Research, India and the NIH/NICHD (5 R01 HD042219‐S1); additional funding from UNICEF, New York Notes on validation of instruments (screening and outcomes): the CES‐D is a widely validated and established tool. Additional information: none Handling the data: not available Prospective trial registration number: not available